Immigration (General)
What is nativism?
1) Presumes the superiority of people who were born in the U.S.
2) Favors resource allocation to people born in the U.S.
3) Promotes a fear of foreigners.
What did the Naturalization Act of 1790 do?
Why is it important?
1. States that only free white persons who had lived in the U.S. for at least two years were eligible for citizenship
2. the purpose of this clause was to deny citizenship to African descended slaves.
What is the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?
(The original Rosa Parks)
- Plessy challenges segregation.
Supreme Court rules separate but equal is constiutional. (IMPORTANT AF)
the idea that, within races, lighter is better. Colorism refers primarily to skin color.
- What were one of the ways Afro Brazilians displayed colorism
Define implicit bias
biases that we have at a subconscious level
: Study of lawyers (audit)
What distinguishes the racialized nativism today from that of a century ago?
1. The rise of antipathy toward languages other than English
2. The concern that Asian, Carribean, and Latin American immigrants are taking advantage of affirmative action programs designed to help native-born Americans. Especially, African Americans.
3. The worry that immigrants are draining public resources through the overuse of welfare, education, and health care services.
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882?
- What important documentation came to existence because of this act? (Hint it is still used to monitor immigrants today?)
1. the act denied entry to one specific group: Chinese Laborers. Specifically, because of race and class
2. the creation of certificates of residence -- the precursors to green cards today
Explain the model minority myth.
Asians are widely perceived as the racial minority group that has succeeded in the United States.
Has this always been the case?
What is the idea of hypodescent?
the idea that have any amount of black ancestry makes you black
What is one form of affirmative action in the United States(relative to employment)
Hint: one is government orders regulating government contractors and subcontractors
3. court orders based on anti discrimination law
4. employers' voluntary human resources policies.
What did the Supreme Court decide in Plyler v. Doe (1982)?
and... how does the case relate to (new nativism)
1. the court ruled that any child residing in the United States has the right to an education
2. It is indicative of the strong sense of nativism that exists in the United States today. Politicians suggest that children of foreigners are draining our funds by attending public schools. Instead of seeing it as an investment.
What did the Immigration Act of 1917 do?
What is affirmative action?
Title VI of the 1968 Civil Rights Act, encompasses policies and procedures designed to combat ongoing discrimination in schools and in the work place.
What does proposition 209 do?
1. widely held but fixed and oversimplified images or ideas of types of people or things
2. Cantina Girl, a latina as an available sexual object.
What is wealth?
The sum of a persons assets minus debt.
When was the first wave of Mexican immigrants?
- Post treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
because the United States absorbed Northern Mexico
What is the Johnson-Reed Act/ Immigration Act of 1924?
- what was the hidden ideology that motivated the codification of this law?
When did the U.S repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1. The Johnson-Reed Act reduced immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe by introducing quotas, or limits on the number of people from these countries who were allowed to enter the U.S.
- How? Created quotas on the basis of the U.S. composition in 1890. 2% of each nation.
EXCEPT: immigrants from the western hemisphere,
aliens ineligible for citizenship (asians), the descendants of slaves, native americans.
2. Eugenics
3. 1943 Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act
Describe the significance of 1954 Brown v. Board of Education.
- The supreme court held that "separate but equal" facilities are inherently unequal and violate the protections of the 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause.
Did racial segregation persist post Brown v Board of Education?
What is a controlling image?
Race, gendered and class depictions in the media that shape people’s ideas of what African Americans are and are not.
What are some historical reasons for housing and wealth inequalities in the United States?
Enslaved African Americans were unable to accumulate wealth. Once freed, their opportunities for land ownership were limited
When was the second wave of Mexican immigrants?
- During the bracero program (1942-1964), under this labor program Mexicans entered the nation to fill labor shortages caused by WW2.
- Ends racially biased quotas set forth in the 1924 Act.
- Set universal quota of 20,000 immigrants for every country in the world
- potential immigrants enter from family reunification, skills/education.
:Note: ended unregulated entrance of immigrants from Western hemisphere!!!!
-how is that problematic?
In Dowell v. Oklahoma 1991, what did the Supreme Court overturn? Why is it so significant relative to segregation?
the supreme court ruled that schools were not obliged to desegregate. (Yikes)
Why is it so significant relative to segregation?
How does skin color relate to gender and beauty?
Skin-color stratification, in which resources such as income and status are distributed unequally according to skin color, and colorism are more prominent for women than men; and this disparity is largely related to beauty norms.
What is a restrictive covenant?
A restrictive covenant is a contractual agreement drafted by property owners to enforce rules agreed on.
75% agreement was the requirement for the covenant to be enforced.
The Supreme Court ruled that covenants used to deny access to a home on the basis of race are not legally
valid in a court of law.