2019 Fall Final Review Part 2

Unit 1

100

What is the equation for genotype frequency in a population?

p²+2pq+q²=1

200

What are the sources of genetic variation?

Formation of new alleles

Rapid reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Altering gene number or position

300

What are the 5 types of Prezygotic barriers

1.Habitat Isolation

2.Temporal Isolation

3.Behavioral Isolation 

4.Mechanical Isolation 

5.Gametic Isolation

400

What are the 3 hybrid zones outcomes? What do they look like or show?

1. Reinforcement- reinforces the differences between the two species. Hybrid unsuccessful.

2. Fusion- fusion of the species causes them to form 1 super species. 

3. Stability- Only happens when the habitat is stable.

no net change in species, Hybrids continue to be produced alongside purebred species.

500

You are Studying a population of 225 individuals, 189 of which have a dominant phenotype. Identify the allele and genotypic frequencies in the next generation of individuals in this population if Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium existed.

D=.6

d=.4

DD=.36

Dd=.48

dd=.16

Unit 2

100

What are most cell walls of Bacteria composed of?

Peptidoglycan

200

What are the 4 Characteristics that Charophytes and land plants have in common?

1. Specific enzymes that enhance photosynthesis

2. Organization of ring like structures that produce cellulose

3. Flagellated sperm

4. Formation of phargmoplast microtubules that form between dividing daughter cells

300

What are the 4 adaptations thats seedless vascular plants developed ?

1. Xylem

2. Pholem

3. Roots

4. Sporophyils

400

Name the four gram negative bacteria we discussed and a quality of each.

Chlamydias - contains no peptidoglycan, they are also obligate intracellular parasites.

Spirochetes - have a spiral/helical form and internal flagella

Cyanobacteria - are photoautotrophs (the only prokaryotes that produce O2)

Proteobacteria - None of the above (believed to be the ancestral cell to the mitochondria)

500

List the 4 derived traits of land plants.

1. Alternation of generations - half of life cycle is diploid, half is haploid

2. Walled spores - protect against dehydration

3. Multicellular gametangia - where gametes are produced

4. Apical meristems - site of rapid cell division located in roots and shoots.

Unit 3

100

What are the 4 types of feeders?

Bulk

Suspension/filter

Substrate

Fluid

200

Describe the 3 different body plans regarding coeloms.

Coelomate - Coelom (space) is fully surrounded on all sides by mesoderm.

Pseudocoelomate - (Pseudo)coelom is only partially surrounded by mesoderm.

Acoelomate - No coelom

300

Describe negative and positive feedback and give a physiological example of each.

With negative feedback the end product inhibits or slows down the reaction, while in positive feedback the end product promotes or speeds up the reaction. Managing blood-glucose levels is an example of negative feedback. Childbirth is an example of positive feedback.

400

what are the roles of CCK and Secretin in the duodenum? What are their stimuli?

CCK stimulates the release of bile, secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate. They are both stimulated by chyme entering the duodenum.

500

List each organ/location in our digestive system and what they contribute to digestion. List any functions, specialized cells, structures, and/or enzymes involved with each organ.

Oral Cavity - mechanical and chemical digestion

        Chewing is mechanical digestion, salivary glands produce amylase (digests carbohydrates) for chemical digestion.

    Esophagus - no digestion

        Moves food through peristalsis.

    Stomach - mechanical and chemical digestion

        Mechanical digestion is achieved by churning. Chief cells produce pepsinogen, parietal cells produce H+ and Cl- (forms HCl). The Hydrochloric acid activates the pepsinogen into pepsin (digests proteins).

    Small Intestine - chemical digestion, absorption

        Digests fats and absorbs nutrients

    Large Intestine - no digestion

        Primarily performs water absorption, some plant material fermentation

    Liver - no digestion

        Produces bile which helps to digest fats (in the small intestine). Bile is stored in the gallbladder

Unit 4

100

Which vessel contains valves and why?

Veins contain valves to prevent backflow due to low blood pressure and gravity.

200

How do gills exchange things with the environment?

    Countercurrent exchange

300

Describe the steps in clot formation. What type of a feedback cycle is this?

Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged cells, clotting factors released leading to an enzymatic cascade. The platelets form a plug, stopping blood flow. A fibrin clot with stop blood flow in more severe cases. This is positive feedback.

400

Explain how both water soluble and lipid soluble hormones travel in the blood and where their receptors are located.

Water soluble hormones can easily travel through blood, but their receptors must be outside the target cells because they cannot pass phospholipid bilayer., Lipid soluble hormones must travel through the blood using transport proteins, but can easily pass through the plasma membrane so their receptors are found within the target cells.

500

What are the 6 hormones from the anterior pituitary, which are tropic and which are non-tropic?

GH - Both

MSH - Non-tropic

Prolactin - Non-tropic

ACTH - Tropic

TSH - Tropic

FSH & LH - Tropic