Recap
Language is innate.
Who came up with the theory of visual indexing?
Pylyshyn
What have infants shown to have a substantial amount of?
Initial knowledge
Attention automatically spreads more readily from one part of an object to another part of the same object compared to another part of a different object, even when the “parts” are ________?
Spatially identical
What does the word spatio-temporal mean?
Belonging to both space and time.
What is the Massive Modularity Hypothesis?
Cognitive systems are modular.
Which two individuals are responsible for investigating infants' knowledge of object solidity?
Spelke & Wasserman
What does the second experiment called "arithmetic" suggest?
Infants may have initial knowledge about numerical principles, such as addition/subtraction.
What was found in the experiment about unilateral spatial neglect?
It states that people perceive only half of multiple objects at different locations in the visual field.
Infants have initial knowledge about which 3 properties?
Solidity, substance, and causality.
Explain the poverty stimulus argument.
Children are not exposed to all types of data in language to acquire every feature of their language.
What was Karen Wynn known for suggesting?
Infants may possess initial knowledge of numerical principles.
Ernie + Ernie = Ernie
What type of violation is demonstrated in this example?
Arithmetic violation
(A) Infants are able to "compute the numerical results of these arithmetical operations"
Whose experiment indicated the above?
Karen Wynn
What is the main purpose of the maximally sensory theory?
It explains the concept of initial knowledge through sensation.
What were the findings of the Wug Test?
Children are able to recognize patterns in language and apply them to new words that they've never seen before.
What is the key element of Leslie’s object indexing theory?
Bonus (Double Points) -> If you can explain the key element!
“Sticky” index
Featural information is stored in a model in ______________.
Feature map
What did Simon, Hespos, and Rochat find had no effect on infants?
They measured the duration of the infants' first gazes at the different outcomes and found no tendency to look longer at identity violations.
Which stage does object permanence occur in?
By the end of the sensorimotor stage. Lasts from birth to about two years of age.
Which characteristic of Chomsky's modules is restricted? (hint: there are only 2)
Restricted Information Flow (encapsulation)
What is the FINST theory?
FINgers of INSTantiation. This theory states that even if you do not know the object that your fingers are touching, you are still able to determine whether or not you're touching the object with finger 1 or finger 2 and where those fingers are touching on the object.
Objects cannot jump in and out of ____________.
If an object goes from one point to another, it must travel continuously in space.
Existence
Who conducted an experiment in which it was found that infants ten-month-old infants tended to look longer at single objects in the spatial condition, but showed no preference for objects in the property condition?
Xu and Carey
What does the term "looking times" refer to in this article, in terms of findings?
If infants look longer at rule-violating stimulus rather than at rule-following stimulus, it may be concluded that infants know the rule.