RESPIRATION
What is the primary muscle for inspiration?
Diaphragm
Which muscle ONLY abducts vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA)
What structures compose oral cavity?
Pharynx
Soft Palate (Velum)
Hard Palate
Mandible
Teeth (incisors)
Tongue
Lips & Cheek
Name the parts of a neuron
axon, dendrite, soma, myelin sheath, axon terminal
What is the direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for voluntary muscle movements
pyramidal system
Which 2, 11 paired muscles aid in inhalation and exhalation?
internal intercostal muscles --> pull ribs downward during exhalation
external intercostal muscles --> raise ribs up and out during inhalation
Vocal cords consist of what muscle?
thyroarytenoid muscles
What nerve innervates the muscles for mastication?
trigeminal (V) ; mandibular branch
What are the specialized functions for motor neurons vs. sensory neurons vs. interneurons
Motor Neurons (EFFERENT)
Transmit impulses AWAY from the CNS
Sensory Neurons (AFFERENT)
Carry Sensory impulses TOWARDS the brain
Interneurons
LINK neurons
Role in controlling movement
What are the 3 meninges of brain?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
What is the basic energy source for speech?
respiration
What nerve BRANCH innervates all laryngeal muscles , excluding cricothyroid muscle?
recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of vagus nerve
Occlusion: is when the two dental arches comes together when a person bites down
Normal if upper and lower dental arches meet each other in symmetrical manner
Individual teeth in the two arches align
Malocclusions: deviations in the positioning
What Regulates equilibrium, body posture, fine motor movements?
cerebellum
These are the fibers of this tract controlling all voluntary movements of speech muscles except respiratory
corticobulbar tract
Describe the respiratory process of inhalation starting from superior structures to inferior structures.
Which muscle controls pitch?
cricothyroid muscle
What muscles elevate and depress the soft palate ?
Levator veli palatini (X, XI): primary elevator for velum
Tensor Veli palatini (CN V - trigeminal): tenses velum, dilated eustachian tube
Palatoglossus (CN X, XI): Also known as anterior faucial pillar, depresses velum, elevates tongue
Palatopharyngeus (CN X, XI): Also known as posterior faucial pillar, narrows pharyngeal cavity, lowers, velum, may help elevate the larynx
Lesions to this area can result in:
Unusual body posture
Dysarthria
Changes in body tone
Dyskinesia
basal ganglia
TRUE OR FALSE:
If an artery is blocked above the circle willis, the brain will have minimal damage due to alternate channels of blood flow
FALSE; If an artery is blocked BELOW the circle willis, the brain will have minimal damage due to alternate channels of blood flow
Tidal breathing percentage for expiration is 60% vs inspiration is 40%; what is the percentage for expiration vs. inspiration needed for SPEECH PRODUCTION?
expiration: 90%
inspiration:10%
Explain the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory & Bernoulli effect in relation to phonation.
Vocal folds vibrate because forces and pressure of air and elasticity of vocal cords
Subglottic pressure → blows vocal folds apart→ vibration→ increase velocity as air moves thru glottic space → decrease in vocal cord pressure (constriction) → vocal cord suck together
Explain the source filter theory in relation to resonation. What structure is SOURCE and what is the FILTER?
Source-filter theory describes the vocal tract as a series of linked tubes that provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce sounds. Tones are generated by the larynx and travel upward and are resonated in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities where it is shaped into speech sounds
source: vibrating vocal folds
filter: vocal tract (pharynx, nasal, oral cavities)
What is the important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains thalamus & hypothalamus?
diencephalon
What association fiber connects the Brocas area to the Wernickes area?
Arcuate fasiculus connects the Brocas area to the Wernickes area