Origins of Criminality
According to Beccaria, this rule explains deterrence by letting the severity of punishment fit the severity of crime.
What is the Rule or Law of Proportionality?
According to this theory, crime is the result of a rational analysis of the costs and benefits of committing crime.
What is classical theory?
This is the measurement of bumps and contours of the skull to explain criminal behavior.
What is phrenology?
This school was influenced by the Progressive reforms of the late 1800s that were based on the idea that the poor were pushed by their environment into lives of crime.
What is the Chicago School?
These three things characterize high delinquency neighborhoods.
What are (1) low socioeconomic status, (2) ethnic heterogeneity, and (3) residential instability?
This is an educated guess, based on observation, about the cause and effect relationship between two or more variables.
What is a theory?
______________ is when an individual who is punished fears future punishment and no longer commits crimes. ________________ is when an individual is punished as an example to prevent others from committing crimes.
What are specific and general deterrence?
Richard Dugdale argued that this family exemplified "degeneration theory," which argued that criminal behavior was heritable and could be passed down from generation to generation.
Who were the Jukes?
This is the study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and physical environments.
What is Human Ecology?
The primary assumption of this theory is that the lack of informal social control in low socioeconomic neighborhoods combined with cultural transmission of antisocial attitudes and values leads to crime and delinquency.
What is Social Disorganization Theory?
This refers to the ability of a theory to explain many different types of crime.
What is "scope"?
According to Routine Activities Theory, crime must have these three things in order to occur.
What are (1) a motivated offender, (2) suitable target, and (3) absence of a capable guardian?
What is eugenics?
These five zones make up Concentric Zone Theory.
Essentially a new reconceptualization of Social Disorganization Theory, this phenomenon occurs in communities where there is mutual trust and support couple with shared expectations for social control and the willingness to take action and intervene for the common good.
What is collective efficacy?
According to Lombroso criminals have these physical characteristics that distinguish them from non-criminals.
What are "stigmata"?
This school of theory assumes that people commit crimes due to forces beyond their control, like biological and environmental factors.
What is the Positivist School of Criminology?
This psychologist promoted eugenics based on the idea that the "feebleminded" could be identified through the use of IQ testing.
Who was Henry Goddard?
According to Concentric Zone Theory, this zone is where slums are located and therefore are hot spots for crime.
What is Zone II, the zone in transition?
_________________ have internalized mainstream values and work habits to make something of themselves. _______________ are deviant and criminal because they reject mainstream values, have no consideration for others, and engage in self-destructive behaviors.
What are decent families and street families?
In this book, Lombroso reinforced the belief that women were biologically, intellectually, and morally inferior to men.
What is La Donna Delinquente?
These are the three factors that affect bounded rationality decision-making.
What are (1) limited information, (2) cognitive limitations, and (3) limited time?
What is Buck v. Bell?
This program, developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, was the first community-based program to prevent delinquency by calling on locals to actively engage in community self-development.
What is the Chicago Area Project?
Because they live in the same community as street families, decent families have to learn and follow this in order to survive.
What is the Code of the Street?