Perspectives and Pscyhologists
Who is associated with the psychodynamic approach
Freud
What two sciences combined to create psychology
Philosophy and physiology
What is the Hawthorne effect
People act different when they know they are being watched
Define Discriptive statistics
used to characterize the population or sample that is being studied
The difference between an Indepdent and Dependent.
IV - the treatment - creates experiemental group = what the researcher does or applies
DV - result, what changes due to the IV
What perspective focuses on reaching full potential and free will
Humanistic
What is the definition of psychology
The study of behavior and mental processes
What are two problems associated with naturalistic observation
1) You cannot interfere
2) You might not not be studying what you think you're studying
3) Can't prove causality
Define inferential Statistics
can conclusions be inferred from a small sample to a large population
A confounding Variable is
Something that is thought of that could cause the change in the dependent variable other than the independent variable. - is blocked for
What's the term for combining different perspectives together
Eclectic psychology
Who is associated with structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
Longitudinal - same group of people with similiar ages observed over a long period of changing time
Cross-sectional - one group of people with many different ages observed once at once time
Define Heuristics
a rule of thumb on how we determine the likelihood or probability of an event occurring
Difference between single and double blind experiment
Single - researcher knows who is in experiemental or control group while the participants don't
Double - neither researcher or participants know who is in the experiemental or control group
What is the difference between the biological and evolutionary perspectives
Biological focuses on changes in the nervous systems function and genes inherited, while evolutionary focuses on naturally selecting traits for a survival advantage
What are differences between early and modern approaches
There are more modern approaches and modern approaches cover different aspects of behavior, personality, and biology. (more specific)
Define the cohort effect
takes a cohort - group of participants - and evaluates the effect of how age skews the results
Formula for and Define Z Scores
Z score = (your data) - (the mean) / (Standard deviation)
allows comparison of data with different means and standard deviations - measures how far a data point is away from a mean in standard deviations
Difference betwen random assignment and random selection
Random Selection - prevents representative bias - each individual has an equal chance of being chosen
random assignment - once chosen each participant has equal chance of being the experiemental or control group
Define behavioral and cognitive perspectives
Behavioral- learning and behavior happens through associations, watching, and imitating others
Cognitive- behavior that is influenced by mental processes, such as thoughts, attitudes, memories, and expectations
Name the 4 early psychology approaches
Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, and Psychoanalytical
Name 2 case studies and what happened with the result
Phineas Gage = frontal lobe was severed/destroyed - he no longer could control his urges or his emotions
Patient HM - Henry Maislon = hippocampus removed - lost short term memory - suported Hippocampus role in explicit memory
Clive Wearing - disease destroyed his ability to retain long and short term memory
difference between availability heuristics and representative heuristics
Availability - predicting chance of event occurring based on memory of an event occurring and the outcome - if instances come to mind we persume such events are common
Representative - judging chance of event happening in terms of how well the event seems to represent or match a particular prototype of a concept.
Name 5 ethics
Fiduciary responsibility
informed consent
debriefing
right to decline
confidential