hot/cold
A contraindication for cold application
What is chronic wounds/diabetes
The direction of electrical current flow between electrodes
What is electrical current will flow from cathode (-) to anode (+)
The area of effective treatment for ultrasound
What is slightly larger than the diameter of the sound head?
This is true of intermittent compression and duty cycle.
What is it cannot be used without one?
Which if the following is considered a primary effect of therapeutic laser treatment?
Vasodilation of microvessels
A limitation of treating an acute ankle sprain (6 hours ago) , with cold water immersion
What is dependent positioning?
The property of electrical current that identifies the maximum distance that the pulse rises above or below the isoelectric line?
What is amplitude
Ultrasound is unable to pass through this medium due to its high frequencies
What is air
Excess fluids that build up within a joint can lead to what inhibitory reflex?
Arthrogenic muscle inhibition
Lasers produce highly refined, __________ light in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared range.
Monochromatic
The appropriate treatment time for ice massage for a person with infrapatellar tendonitis after functional activities (area 10X15 cm)
What is 5-10 minutes?
The biological tissue that is the primary resistor to therapeutic electrical flow
What is skin?
This output frequency will penetrate deeper into tissue?
what is 1 MHz
What is the typical treatment time of intermittent compression?
20-60 minutes
In the United States, which of the following laser wavelengths is in the range considered to be therapeutic?
1000nm
The appropriate number of towel layers for a hot pack applied to a patient's low back
What is 6-8 layers?
The distance of separation of electrodes for targeting deeper tissues
What is farther apart?
An ultrasound at 3 MHz output frequency will effectively treat this tissue depth
What is 2-3 cm?
When applying intermittent compression for long periods of time, which of the following should be checked regularly?
Capillary refill and unexpected pitting edema
Current evidence suggests that the biophysical benefits of laser are related to what?
Photomechanical or photochemical effects
The order of sensation to tell patients they will feel during cold application
What is cold, burning, aching, numb?
The phenomenon where pulse frequency is high enough that individual muscle contractions become less distinguishable?
What is summation?
This temperature elevation is necessary to promote tissue elongation when using ultrasound?
What is 7.2° F?
Concerns about using intermittent compression revolve around...
Compromised vasculature and skin disorders
With therapeutic laser, the wider the wavelength:
The deeper the penetration of laser energy
The length of time a cold pack should be applied to the patient
What is 20 minutes?
This electrotherapy agent strictly uses monophasic current?
What is high-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS)
This is the main cause of the therapeutic effects of pulsed US?
What is microstreaming
Which statement best describes sustained traction?
It is applied with a relatively small force for 45 minutes or less
Which of the following is contraindicated for therapeutic laser use?
Application over deep vein thrombosis
Contraindicated position for hot pack in relation to patient
What is lying on top of it?
This transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) protocol provides relief for hours and uses 2-4 pulses per second?
What is Low Rate TENS?
This theapeutic effect is true of 1 MHz US vs 3 MHz US applications.
What is 1 MHz takes longer to heat up but the effects last longer?
Which form of traction allows the patient to self-administer the traction?
Positional traction
This is a contraindication for intermittent compression
What are: circulatory obstruction, DVT, heart failure, pulmonary edema, unstable fracture, malignancy of treated area?
A contraindication for superficial heat (thermotherapy).
What are: arterial disease, bleeding, acute musculoskeletal trauma, over compromised circulation, over malignancy, thrombophlebitis
This is the recruitment pattern for electrically induced muscle contractions?
What is synchronous recruitment of fibers?
This parameter is primarily responsible for determining whether the treatment effects will be thermal or non-thermal?
What is duty cycle?
When examining the evidence, the effect of what traction variables is clearly understood?
Patient position and angle of pull
This is the typical inflation pressure of upper extremity intermittent compression
What is 30-80mmHg?
This sensation of cold results from decreased nerve conduction velocity and an increase in the threshold required to fire nerves (seldom achieved with therapeutic cold application)
What is anesthesia?
This type of electrical stimulation is an excellent waveform and application for decreased muscle atrophy
What is Russian?
US can only increase tissue temperatures when the treatment area is approximately this amount of the size of the effective radiating area.
What is three times?
What type of traction is best suited for treating degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine?
Sustained traction with a flexion angle
This is the typical inflation pressure of lower extremity intermittent compression
What is 40-80 mmHg?
This is the depth superficial heating agents are able to pentrate,
What is <2 cm?
The dosage of the drug administered through iontophoresis is determined by this
What is the prescription/
This is a good US setup for non-thermal effects?
what is a duty cycle of 20% and an intensity of 0.5 W/cm2?
Lumbar traction can be used for:
Nerve root compression
Radicular pain
Lumbar muscle spasm
This modality can be used in conjunction with intermittent compression
What is electrical stimulation (intensity set when fully inflated), therapeutic cold