learning
the process of acquiring through experiencing new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
what is learning?
Russian physiologist who pioneered classical conditioning
who is Ivan Pavlov?
a type of learning that is focused on antecedents and generally not a conscious choice
what is classical conditioning?
what is operant conditioning?
the moment at which the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response
what is extinction?
learning how to do something by watching other people and mimicking what they do
what is observational learning?
theorized that if you eat something and you get sick, you are more likely to avoid the food in the future
who is John Garcia?
a stimulus and response that are natural and part of behavior; do not have to be trained
what is unconditioned stimulus/response?
any event that strengthens a preceding response
adding pain to reduce a behavior
learning that occurs through repetition; not cognitively driven
what is latent learning?
tormented babies and rats to see how they learn; a famous behaviorist
who is John B. Watson?
the reappearance of a conditioned response
what is spontaneous recovery?
gradually guiding actions towards a desired behavior
what is shaping?
gets the most rapid response out of all the schedules of reinforcement
what is variable ratio?
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
what is cognitive learning?
theorized the law of effect; the father of operant conditioning
who is Edward Thorndike?
in Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating when hearing the bell
what is a conditioned response?
a reward that gets slower results, but the subject never tires of it
what is a secondary reinforcer?
even though animals can be trained, they may eventually go back to their instinctive ways
what is instinctive drift?
learning that certain events occur together
what is associative learning?
theorized that the best way to learn is by learning from someone else who just learned it as well
who is Lev Vygotsky?
the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a 2nd conditioned stimulus
a series of rewards that provide positive reinforcement for behavior changes at certain steps towards the desired behavior
what is successive approximation?
kids can only learn what is on their age appropriate "level" until helped to the next "level" by a superior peer or adult