Miscellaneous
A patient with type 1 diabetes has a “fruity“ smelling breath and has confirmed ketones in their urine. What is the expected compensatory mechanism for the condition presented?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (type of metabolic acidosis) - likely compensating with deep and fast respiratory characteristic/frequency (Kussmaul Respirations)
The correct sequence for a muscular contraction:
A. Electrical, chemical, mechanical
B. Mechanical, chemical electrical
C. Chemical, mechanical, electrical
D. Electrical, mechanical, chemical
ANSWER: A
A. Electrical, chemical, mechanical
Describe what a saturation point is and how it relates to the different types of cellular transport.
The point at which further increases in concentrations of a certain solute does not result in increased transport of said solute.
1. Simple diffusion: does not reach a saturation point
2. Facilitated diffusion, active transport (primary and secondary) reach a transport maximum (saturation point) because they utilize some form of a protein for transport.
Two examples of a positive feedback loop:
Uterine contractions during childbirth.
Clotting cascade.
Regarding PaCO2:
Hyperventilation may result in:
Hypoventilation may result in:
How would this affect the pH?
Hyper: decreased PaCO2 (alkaline pH)
Hypo: increased PaCO2 (acidic pH)
Lengthening of the triceps brachii occurs with:
A. An Increase in active tension of the triceps brachii muscle
B. An Increase in active tension of the biceps brachii muscle
C. An Increase in passive tension of the biceps brachii muscle
D. No change in either passive or active tension of the agonist muscle
B. Increase in active tension of the biceps brachii muscle
FEV1 = 40%
FVC = 80%
This patient may have:
1. COPD
2. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
3. ALS
4. Pneumonia
COPD
The role of diuresis:
A. Regulates plasma osmolarity
B. Decrease urine production
C. Increases in urine flow rate
D. A and C
Provide your justification
D. A & C
List and then describe each of the following points along an ECG (EKG) wave
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS segment: ventricular depolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
Describe the effect of carbon monoxide on the oxygen dissociation curve.
CO irreversibly binds to Hb. (Left-shift) Increase the affinity of Hb for O2. Inhibits the unloading of O2 - decreased oxygenation to essential tissues.
SBP and DBP correspond to which cardiovascular values, respectively.
SBP: cardiac output
DBP: total peripheral resistance
Fast muscle contraction (high velocity):
A. Actin and myosin have more time to bind together, less forceful contraction
B. Actin and myosin have less time to bind together, less forceful contraction
C. Actin and myosin have more time to bind together, more forceful contraction
D. Actin and myosin have less time to bind together, more forceful contraction
B. Actin and myosin have less time to bind together, less forceful contraction
In the pulmonary capillaries, the affinity of CO2 on Hemoglobin:
A. Increases; increased loading of CO2 on Hemoglobin
B. Increases; decreased loading of CO2 on Hemoglobin
C. Decreases; increased loading of CO2 on Hemoglobin
D. Decreases; decreased loading of CO2 on Hemoglobin
D. Decreases; decreased loading of CO2 on Hemoglobin
The main roles of the dermis include all EXCEPT:
A. Production of keratin
B. Blood and oxygen supply to skin
C. Tensile strength
D. Moisture retention
Explain your justification for each option:
A. Produced by keratinocytes in the epidermis
B. Highly vascularized area
C. Collagen/elastin produced by fibroblasts
D. High concentration of GAG’s, proteoglycans
List and describe the 4 primary lung volumes:
Tidal volume: volume of a quiet breath
IRV: volume that can be inspired above Vt
ERV: volume that can be expired from the end of a tidal expiration
RV: volume remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
The Frank Starling relationship states that (1) will likely result in (2)
A. (1) increased preload; (2) positive inotropy
B. (1) increased preload; (2) negative inotropy
C. (1) increased afterload; (2) positive inotropy
D. (1) increased afterload; (2) negative inotropy
A. (1) increased preload; (2) positive inotropy
Generally speaking, a patient with congestive heart failure (systolic dysfunction) may exhibit an increase in which of the following cardiovascular measures?
A. Ejection fraction
B. Preload
C. Myocardial inotropy
D. Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
ANSWER: B
B. Preload
Listed below are characteristics of each phase of wound healing. What is the correct order of occurrence based on what you know about the four phases of wound healing?
A. localized vasodilation, immature collagen reorganized into mature collagen, begins 2 to 5 days following the injury, minimize blood loss
B. minimize blood loss, localized vasodilation, begins 2 to 5 days following the injury, immature collagen reorganized into mature collagen
C. immature collagen reorganized into mature collagen, localized vasodilation, begins 2 to 5 days following the injury, minimize blood loss
D. begins 2 to 5 days following the injury, minimize blood loss, localized vasodilation, immature collagen reorganized into mature collagen
B. minimize blood loss, localized vasodilation, begins 2 to 5 days following the injury, immature collagen reorganized into mature collagen
List and describe the valves of the heart. When are they open? When are they closed? Additionally, what do the S1 and S2 heart sound represent?
Left side of the heart:
1. Mitral valve: valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It is closed during systole and open during diastole.
2. Aortic valve: valve between the left ventricle and the aorta. It is closed during diastole and open during systole.
Right side of the heart:
1. Tricuspid valve: valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. It is closed during systole and open during diastole.
2. Pulmonic valve: valve between the right atrium and the Pulmonary artery. It is open during systole and closed during diastole.
S1 heart sound: closure of the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
S2 heart sound: closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)
In a biological control system the _______ detects changes in the body, the __________ determines the appropriate response to that change, and the _________ carries out the response to change determined by the ___________
A. control center, effector, sensor, effector
B. sensor, control center, effector, control center
C. control center, sensor, effector, sensor
D. effector, sensor, control center, sensor
B. sensor, control center, effector, control center
Heart blocks result in various forms of prolonged PR intervals, in most cases they indicate problems with:
A. Transmission of the action potential through the AV node
B. Transmission of the action potential through the atria
C. Transmission of the action potential through the ventricle
D. Transmission of the action potential through the QRS complex
A patient presents with a prolonged PR interval, how may this present clinically?
A. Transmission of the action potential through the AV node
Decreased heart rate (bradycardia)
An increased osmolarity in the ECF would result in:
A. Increase osmotic pressure drawing fluid out of the ICF and into the ECF
B. Increased osmotic pressure drawing fluid into the ICF
C. Decreased osmotic pressure drawing fluid into the ICF
D. Decreased osmotic pressure drawing fluid out of the ICF and into the ECF
ANSWER: A
Increase osmotic pressure drawing fluid out of the ICF and into the ECF
In cardiovascular physiology, a concurrent increase in sympathetic tone and decrease in parasympathetic tone would likely result in:
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance, increased stroke volume, increased heart rate, venoconstriction
B. Decreased systemic vascular resistance, decreased stroke volume, decreased heart rate, venoconstriction
C. Increased systemic vascular resistance, decreased stroke volume, increased heart rate, venoconstriction
In cardiovascular physiology, a concurrent increase in sympathetic tone and decrease in parasympathetic tone would likely result in:
A. Increased systemic vascular resistance, increased stroke volume, increased heart rate, venoconstriction
Describe Ohm‘s law and its relationship with compliance of the aorta.
Ohm‘s law: Q (flow) = change in pressure/resistance
1. Flow is proportional to an increase in the pressure gradient
2. Flow is inversely proportional to resistance
Decreased aortic compliance = increased resistance (increased pressure)
Increased aortic compliance = decreased resistance (decreased pressure)
Thus, we get increased flow with a increased aortic compliance and decreased flow with a decreased aortic compliance.
A patient has been prescribed amitryptyline (an anticholinergic). Based on what you know about the class of medication, what could be a potential side effect when considering gastrointestinal motility?
A. Constipation
B. Diarrhea
C. Excessive exocrine secretion
D. Increased gastrointestinal transmit times
Answer: A (Constipation)