Anatomy
Antigen receptors and lymphocyte maturation
Acute Inflammation
Strep Throat
Antibiotics
100

Of the 4 muscles included in the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, which one is controlled by the vagus nerve?

Palatoglossus- vagus nerve


Genioglossus- Hypoglossal nerve

sytloglossus-Hypoglossal nerve

hyoglossus-Hypoglossal nerve

100

When looking at the light chain there are two classes of isotopes. These include:

a. alpha and kappa

b. kappa and lambda

c. alpha and delta

d. delta and kappa

what is (b) kappa and lambda?

100

An _____________is a localized collection of purulent inflammatory exudate.

Abscess

100


A throat culture is done for a patient who has a sore throat. To determine which bacteria is the cause of sore throat the scientist does a bacitracin sensitivity test that comes back positive. From this information we can understand that the organism avoids phagocytosis due to which virulence factor?

  1. M protein

  2. Capsule

  3. Superantigens

  4. A & B

  5. All of the above

  6. None of the above

What is 4 (A&B)?

100

  1. All of the following represent a method of beta lactam resistance EXCEPT:

    1. Antibiotic efflux

    2. Impaired attachment of drugs to target PBPs

    3. Modification of PBPs

    4. Inactivation of B-lactamases

What is 2: Impaired attachment of drugs to target PBPs?

200

After a recent injury to your glossopharyngeal nerve, you start to experience loss of these functions in the posterior 1/3 of your tongue?

taste and general sensation

200

Ig(beta) and Ig(alpha) contain ----------- in their cytoplasmic tails that mediate signaling functions

a. BCRS

b. variable regions

c. ITAMS

d.Antigen

What is (c) ITAMS ?

200

The granulated foamy cytoplasm of macrophages aids in their ability to perform what function?

A. Phagocytosis

B. Form MAC Complexes for Porins, contributing to cell lysis

C. Produce antibodies

D. Recruit NK cells

A. Phagocytosis

Main Explanation

Granulated cytoplasm of macrophages can help with phagocytosis

200

A patient comes in with red swollen lymph nodes and a sore throat. His temperature is 101 degrees F and his BP is 120/79. The attending assumes that a virulence factor of the organism allows it to bind to epithelial cells to begin colonization. What virulence factor is he referring to?

  1. Streptolysin S & O

  2. Fimbrae

  3. Streptokinase

  4. Hyaluronidase 

  5. superantigens

What is fimbrae (2)?

200

  1. A physician is looking for a medication suited to inhibit protein synthesis, particularly by binding to the 30S subunit. Which of the following should be used?

    1. Gentamycin

    2. Azithromycin

    3. Erythromycin

    4. Clarithromycin

What is 1: Gentamycin?

300

This duct is probably used as a spit squirter by Dr. Lobo?

Submandibular duct

300

---------- chains contains V regions, D regions and J regions. ---------- chains have V regions and J regions.

a. Light; Heavy

b. Heavy; Light

What is (b) Heavy; Light?

300

If we analyze the myocardium of a patient 23 hours after a myocardial infarction (heart attack), what are we most likely to find in terms of leukocyte composition?

A. macrophages

B. neutrophils

C. monocytes

D. red blood cells

B. neutrophils

Main Explanation

Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte within the first 24 hours.

300

A 7-year-old girl is brought to the urgent care clinic by her mother after she developed a rash on her shoulders, neck, and upper chest in the past 24 hours. The rash followed a fever and a severe sore throat for 2 days duration. The mother states that other children in the patient's class have had similar symptoms. Physical examination of the patient shows a flushed and ill-appearing child with erythematous macules on her shoulders and chest. Throat examination shows a white tongue with inflamed papillae (see image below) and tonsillar inflammation. Which of the following is a characteristic of the most likely agent causing the patient's symptoms?


  1. Coagulase production

  2. Resistance to optochin

  3. Sensitivity to bacitracin

  4. Sensitivity to novobiocin

  5. Urease production 

what is sensitivity to bacitracin? (3)

300

  1. A patient comes to the emergency room and has a urinary infection. The patient is prescribed an antibiotic and returns home to begin the course. Over the next few days and weeks the patient begins to develop shortness of breath, muscle weakness, and abnormal paleness. They believe it may be a result of the medication. Which drug were they prescribed?

What is trimethoprim?

400

This tube connects the nasopharynx area to the middle ear?

pharyngotympanic tube

400

The lack of these genes causes Omeen Syndrome (skin rash, detectable CD3+ T cells, absent or low T cell proliferation to antigens )

RAG1 and RAG2 genes (recombination-activating genes)

400

When there is a pseudomonas infection,_______should predominate because of continuous recruitment.

neutrophils

400

A patient died in the ER last night. Cause of death was shock and immediate failure of the kidneys, liver, pancreas, and heart. It is believed the patient had worn her tampon for over 18 hrs, which led to a streptococcyl infection. What toxin is the reason the patient went into shock due to increased TNF-alpha?


  1. Secreted antigen 

  2. Superantigen

  3. Supertoxin

  4. Endotoxins

  5. Lycantigen 

  6. Mycotoxins

what is superantigen (2)?

400

Describe the trend associated with the generations of cephalosporins 

As you increases in generation, the drugs become more well suited to treat gram negative bacterial infections

500

Tonsils in this region are found between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold?

Oropharynx region

Palatine tonsils

500

Antigenic specificity exists prior to and independent of antigen . Antigen selects a specific pre-existing clone and activates it. We cannot create a receptor to fit antigen, we are born with it. This is know as...

What is "Clonal Selection Theory" ?
500

A patient arrives with a cut on their arm. The bleeding on the arm has stopped, but the arm remains incredibly swollen and there is evidence of pus coming from the wound. The soft tissue edema, and redness we may see during a physical exam is characteristic of what occurring in the blood vessels?

A. Stasis and plasma leakage from the increased permeability of the vessel

B. Stasis and plasma leakage from the decreased permeability of the vessel

C. Stasis and plasma leakage due to WBCs attacking vessel walls

D. Stasis and no plasma leakage because WBCs seal vessel walls

A. Stasis and plasma leakage from the increased permeability of the vessel

Main Explanation

The slowing of blood flow and leaking of plasma causes the swelling and redness we would see during a physical exam.

500

A patient comes in with inflamed wrists, elbows, and knees. She also complains of shortness of breath and chest pain. A week ago she came in for a sore throat and was told to drink liquids and rest. She believes she was not diagnosed/treated appropriately. While performing a cardiovascular exam during the patient visit, the doctor suspects an issue with a valve of the heart and that the patient has myocarditis. After a TEE echocardiogram is performed, it is confirmed that there is a problem with the mitral valve. What is the mechanism of the protein causing this issue with the mitral valve?

  1. Splicing

  2. Molecular mimicry

  3. Lowering activation energy

  4. Acting as a cofactor to a infectious protein

  5. None of the above



what is molecular mimicry? (2)

500

What can be used to detect the MBC of a particular drug? And why?

While a test tube can determine whether or not a bacteria has stopped growing, an agar test is used to determine if there is death of bacteria. Minimum bactericidal concentration is the measure of the lowest concentration of a drug needed to kill bacteria after 18-24 hours.

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