Classroom Assessment
What is classroom assessment?
It can be defined as the collection, evaluation, and use of information to help teachers make decisions that improve student learning.
Name 9 ways to adapt assessments for ELL's?
Variety, formative assessment, range, time, level of support, difficulty, product, participation, and feedback.
Name the 6 functions of grading.
1. Informational functions.
2. Administrative functions.
3. Guidance functions.
4. Sorting and selecting functions.
5. Motivational functions.
6. Research functions.
What are the 3 references for grading?
1. Criterion-referenced standards
2. Norm-referenced standards
3. Potential standards
What are the 2 guidelines for determining the distribution of grades?
1. Criterion-referenced grading
2. Norm-referenced grading
What are the 4 components of implementing classroom assessment?
Purpose, measurement, evaluation, and use.
Why do ELLs experience difficulties in assessments?
Difficulty in comprehension of the test language, difficulty in expressing what they know, lack of content and cultural knowledge of the test items, unfamiliarity of test types, and emotional stress.
What are the 4 common ways that teachers confound achievement grades?
1. Treating practice tests and homework as summative assessment.
2. Administering unannounced posttests.
3. Reducing posttest scores due to misbehavior.
4. Using extra-credit assignments to alter grades.
What are criterion-referenced standards?
They involve comparing a student's performance to prespecified standards set by the teacher, usually indicated in percentages of material learned.
What is criterion-referenced grading?
When it's used, conditions for grading on an absolute basis must be met.
What are the 3 types of assessments?
Preassessment, formative, and summative.
How can a teacher adapt assessments for students with special needs?
Test construction, test administration, testing site.
What is a grading system?
A grading system is the manner in which the students' achievement is reported.
What are norm-referenced standards?
They involve comparing a student's performance with that of a reference group, typically one's classmates.
What do the letter grades stand for?
A= Outstanding
B= Very Good
C= Satisfactory
D= Very Weak
F= Unsatisfactory
What are the characteristics of good assessment instruments?
Validity, reliability, and practicality.
What problems might a student with special needs have regarding assessments?
Problems include comprehension difficulties, auditory difficulties, visual difficulties, time constraint difficulties, anxiety, embarrassment, and variability in behavior from one day to the next.
What are the 5 grading systems mentioned in the book?
2. Letter grades
3. Descriptive Assessments
4. Pass-fail grading
5. Checklists of objectives
What are potential standards?
Under the potential standards system, students receive high marks if they perform well relative to their apparent abilities, improve considerably, or appear to be making extensive efforts.
What is norm-referenced grading?
It involves the ranking of students in order of their overall achievement and assigning letter grades on the basis of each student's rank in the group.
According to chapter 11, what types of assessment technologies are beneficial?
Digital portfolios; videos/podcasts; and wikis, discussion boards, blogs.
Name 7 ways how a teacher should establish a framework for assessment?
1. Identify the reasons for assessing student performance.
2. Plan to gather information for both formative and summative assessment.
3. Identify course content that is to be assessed.
4. Relate the assessment to the prestated objectives.
5. Include assessment measures in all three learning domains.
6. Use multiple approaches when gathering assessment information
7. Devise as assessment plan before instruction.
What is an assessment measure?
An assessment measure is the means by which a teacher gathers information about the students' achievement.
Which standard is the most difficult for teachers to teach effectively?
What are nonachievement outcomes?
They involve student conduct in areas such as effort, study habits, attitude toward learning, and citizenship.