Attention
What is the most basic form of attention?
Orienting reflex
Why do we sleep?
Circadian rhythms - induce periods of sleepiness and wakefulness (cycle that takes about a day)
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical is learning to associate two events and operant is learning to associate your own actions with specific outcomes
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde - memory loss for time period after the injury
Retrograde - memory loss for time period before the injury
Define Attention
mental process of focusing effort on a stimulus (external) or mental event (internal)
List and describe 3 sleep disorders.
Insomnia - can't fall or stay asleep
Narcolepsy - sudden sleepiness (lasts for less than 5 minutes)
Night terrors - (NREM 3, more often in children) - appear to be terrified, irregular breathing, can't remember the next day
Sleep apnea - stop breathing while asleep, wake up gasping for breath - prevents regular sleep
Sleep waking - (NREM 3, more likely after sleep deprivation)
Timmy drank a whole bottle of Southern Comfort one night and threw up a lot. After that night even the smell of Southern Comfort makes Timmy nauseous. Identify the parts of classical conditioning in this example.
UCS - excessive amounts of alcohol
UCR - vomiting
NS - Southern Comfort
CR - sickness
In the Modal Model of Memory, what are the three types of memory and their capacity and durations?
Sensory
- capacity - about 75% of visual field (Sperling study)
- duration - extremely short (less than a second unless info is attended to)
Short-term
- capacity - 5-9 items
- duration - about 20 seconds
Long-term
- duration and capacity essentially limitless
What is inattentional blindness? Give an example.
Def - failure to notice stimuli in your visual fields as if you are cognitively blind to them
The basketball players and moon walking bear
What are the stages of sleep and their characteristics (not including REM)?
Stage 1 - relaxation (alpha waves)
Stage 2 - NREM 1 (alphas waves)
- Hallucinations
Stage 3 - NREM 2
- sleep talking, and sleep spindles
Stage 4 - NREM 3 (deep sleep or delta waves)
- sleep walking, difficult to wake, bed wetting
Madison gets and A on her math test. As a result her mom tells here that she can take a break from her reading for a day. Madison tries harder to get A's afterward.
What type of operant conditioning is this and why?
What is chunking? What is required to use it? Give an example.
Definition - process of turning many smaller items into more meaningful complex units to remember them more effectively or remember more of them
Requirements - knowledge of coding scheme and cognitive resources
What is one "less common deficit in attention"? Explain why and how it works.
Hemi-Neglect - damage to right parietal lobe causes inattention to things in the left visual field
Blindsight - caused by damage to primary visual cortex (breakdown between vision and awareness)
- people claim they can't see anything but can do things that suggest they can (navigate a messy room)
What is REM sleep? What are some characteristics? Why is it considered paradoxical?
REM - Rapid eye movement sleep
Characteristics - increased heart rate, irregular breathing, active motor cortex, brain waves similar to conscious waves, inactive frontal lobe
Paradoxical - active brain but inactive body
Create your own example of operant conditioning. Identify what type of operant conditioning it is (positive, negative, reinforcement, punishment) and identify a type of partial reinforcement that could be applicable to your example.
Up for interpretation
What are the two types of long term memory, what is the difference between them, and give an example of each.
Explicit/Declarative - memories you must consciously retrieve
Implicit/Non-declarative - memories you don't need to consciously retrieve
Explain the dichotic listening/shadowing task and how it relates to attention.
Task - one person talking into each ear, attend to and shadow one voice and ignore the other
Things processed from ignored side - sensory details
Things not processed from ignored side - specific words/phrases, repeated words, language, reversed speech
List 3 theories of dreaming and why those theories think we dream.
Freud – dreams allow us to expose our unconscious desires and thoughts and motivations
- Manifest content – storyline or actual content of the dream
- Latent content – underlying meaning – exposes how you really felt about something
Memory consolidation – sort through day’s events while dreaming
- Helps you store them into long-term memory (rehearsal helps to permanently store info)
Periodic stimulation – dreams due to the expansion of neural pathways – interpret these as dreams
Interpretation of neural static – activation spread up the brainstem and we interpret this as a dream
Generate your own example of classical conditioning. Identify the parts (UCS, UCR, NS, CR) and explain how 3 of the five following concepts might play a role in your example (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination).
Up for interpretation.
Create a hierarchy using all of the following terms: explicit, STM, episodic, sensory, Modal Model of Memory, implicit, LTM, semantic
Needs interpretation