Mood
Emotion
motivation
Emotion
motivation
the subjective experience of a change in physiological arousal due to environmental events
emotion
What is memory of past events and facts about the world?
long-term memory
a single factor that accounts for much of the variance in intelligence scores across individuals
BONUS 100pts: Who came up with this theory of intelligence?
general intelligence
Spearman
What is a set of mental assumptions about a situation that can hide possible solutions?
mental set
What is motivation?
The process of being energized to behave in certain ways in certain contexts
What are the three general categories that house the different theories of motivation?
biological, reinforcement, and social
What is a memory store for briefly holding sensory information (primarily sights and sounds)?
BONUS for 200pts: What is a specific type of this memory called and define it.
Sensory memory.
BONUS: iconic memory - a brief visual image of the world held in sensory memory
Gardner argued that we actually have 8 separate intelligences that can be used independently or in unison to solve problems.
What is the difference between interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence?
interpersonal intelligence - ability to understand the social world, including the thoughts, emotions, and motivations of others
intrapersonal intelligence - ability to understand the self, including your own thoughts, emotions, and motivations
What's the difference between an algorithm and heuristic?
What is the role of attention in memory?
Attention is the gateway to short term memory.
Attention filters out unnecessary clutter to focus on important and salient information.
There are two types of affect. What are they, and how are they different?
positive affect typically involves positively perceived engagement, a negative affect is unwanted engagement
What is the difference between short term and working memory?
Working memory is storage and processing while short term is only storage.
Short term memory is whatever currently inhabits the conscious mind; where you hold information you are consciously aware of.
Working Memory is a form of memory that contains both storage and processing mechanisms.
What is meant by lumpers and splitters, and how would you use these terms to describe the ideas of Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg?
lumpers identify fewer kinds of things than splitters; Spearman was a lumper, Gardner was a splitter, and Sternberg was in the middle
a function relating elapsed time to the amount of information that can be recalled; determined by Ebbinghaus’s nonsense syllable experiment
forgetting curve
(*failure could occur at any level)
occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information
misinformation effect
Why are the 6 basic emotions described as basic emotions?
They each have a distinct facial expression. They are universally recognized, and they are known across all cultures.
Chunking and rehearsal are two ways to get information into your __________ memory.
short-term
Sternberg proposed the ______ theory of successful intelligence, which had (how many) dimensions?
What were the names of those dimensions?
Triarchic; 3
analytical intelligence, creativity intelligence, and practical intelligence
What is a barrier to thinking? How can it be fixed?
Not being creative enough. Stimulating creativity can help.
Participants were asked if more words begin with the letter K or if more words have K as their third letter. Even though a typical text contains twice as many words in which K is the third letter, 70% of the participants said that more words begin with K. This is because it is much easier for people to think of words that begin with K (e.g., kitchen, kangaroo, kale, etc) than words that have K as the third letter (e.g., ask, cake, biking). Since words that begin with K are easier to think of, it seems like there are more of them. What is this an example of?
availability heuristic
Explain the difference between James-Lange theory of emotion and Cannon-bard theory of emotioin.
James-Lange theory of emotion- the theory that environmental event triggers a physiological response that we then label as a particular emotion
Cannon-Bard theory – suggests that physiological response and emotional events occur simultaneously
What are all the types of long-term memory?
Declarative --> episodic (memories of events) & semantic (facts and word meanings)
Procedural --> skills & conditioned associations
How does cognition fit into each theory about the number of different kinds of intelligence?
cognition is represented by Spearman’s g, Sternberg’s analytical intelligence, and Gardner’s linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence
What is an essence?
Give an example.
Explain why essences are problematic.
Set of necessary and sufficient conditions that determine if something is a member of a concept
Examples: bachelor/chair
problematic: it does not include everyone that it should and might include things that shouldn’t be included
An instruction manual for installing new software on your computer is an ______ because ______
BUT
A “rule of thumb” is an example of a _______ because ______
Algorithm – It’s a step by step formula guaranteed to work
heuristic – it generally works, but it is not exact