Irrelevant
What is the most accurate definition of biological evolution?
Descent with modification
what is the periosteum?
It’s the outer layer of bone and contains 2 layers .. protective and osteogenic
What are bursae?
Small fluid filled sacs, comprised of a membrane and filled with synovial fluid. Typically positioned as tendons cross over joints and provide a smooth surface for those tendons to move across.
What is a motor unit?
One motor neuron and all the muscles that it innervates
What is the brachial plexus?
The nerve supply of the all the forelimb muscles coming into the arm pit (axillus region)
What is anagenesis?
Gradual transformation (along branches) of one species into another (ie rapid extinction of the ancestor
How are osteons important?
They’re important structurally because of the collagen fibres that run in different directions in neighbouring lamellae. Resistant to twisting, still allows ‘give’
What is a synsarcosis joint and what is an example?
They are an entirely muscular joint, increases effective limb length. Free range of motion. The scapula is joined to the trunk through a synarcosis joint
What breaks down acetylcholin at the end of a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is the interosseus muscle?
Responsible for individual movements of the digits with respect to one another
What is cladogenesis?
Rapid splitting of species into 2+ parts at the nodes
What are blood supply of cortical bone?
The Haversian and volksmans canals
What type of synovial joint has an Ovid convex surface with corresponding concavity, and moves at right angles?
Condyloid joint
What type of muscle fibre has low myosin ATPase activity and a smaller diameter? Gemme an example doe
Slow oxidative muscle, deep muscles of the spine (posture)
What is the reciprocal apparatus?
involves the Peroneus tertius and the superficial digital flexor. It links the flexion of the stifle and hock with the extension of the stifle and hock
What is -hylogenetic constraint or ‘baggage‘?
The ancestry of the animal limits what it’s descendants can be like; it takes time to evolve
What is bone remodelling and what is the process of remodelling?
Its the lifelong cyclical process of bone removal and addition. Resportion, reversal, formation.
Explain what influences how a tissue deforms?
Stress & strain. The more load that is put on it the more it will deform aka stiffness
What type of ATP is produced in the mitochondria? And what type of exercise is it good for?
Oxidative phosphorylation, moderate to low levels of activity
What are the trochlea ridges and groove?
They allow the patella to sit in place (femur)
What key innovation and adaptive radiation. Give an example of both.
KI- noval trait that originated in a particular lineage, providing evolutionary advantages such as increased speciation, leading to..
AR- explosion of speciation in a lineage, that can be casually linked to its key innovation. Involves ecological and phenotypic diversification
beetles and flowers
Where do arteries enter bone from?
Via the nutrient foramen
How does collagen get its strength?
It’s arrangement of fibrils (crimp), like a rope
What dictates the fine tuning of a muscle?
The ratio of nerves to muscles fibres
Why do animals chose a particular gait?
For energy efficiency and to minimize GRFs in order to reduce fatigue and impact in musculoskeletal tissue