Cell Signaling
What are the three kinds of cell signals?
Direct, local, and long distance
What are the three stages of cell signalling?
Reception, transduction, response
What happens to convert an extracellular signal to an intracellular one?
Signal transduction pathway
What are GCPRs?
G protein coupled receptors
What is a set point, and how is it maintained?
Values for various physiological conditions that the body tries to maintain through feedback loops
What are the two types of cells?
Somatic and gametes
When does the chromatin condense?
Prophase
How does direct contact cell signaling happen in plant and animal cells (what structures are used?)
Plant: Plasmodesmata
Animal: Gap junction
What is a ligand?
A signal molecule that binds to the receptor.
What chemical conducts phosphorylation?
Protein kinase
What triggers a GCPR to become active?
What are the 4 parts of a feedback loop?
What are the two broadest phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase and M phase
When are the sister chromatids pulled apart?
Anaphase
What kind of signal travels a short distance through extracellular fluid?
Local regulators
What happens when a receptor activates?
What is a common second messenger?
Cyclic AMP
What does GDP become once activated?
GTP
What are the two types of feedback loops?
Positive and negative
What is the further breakdown of Interphase and M phase?
Interphase: G1, S, G2
M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
When do the chromatids line up in the center of the cell
Metaphase
What are the two kinds of local regulator signalling?
Synaptic and paracrine
Where are membrane receptors found?
Plasma membrane or intracellular
What does a response alter?
What kind of channel is important in the nervous system?
Ligand gated ion channels
What is disease?
The inability to maintain homeostasis
What are the phases of Mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Why do checkpoints exist in the cell cycle?
To prevent a damaged cell from replicating
How do long distance cell signals travel?
Animals: circulatory system
Plants: Xylem and phloem
Which type of receptor transports polar molecules, and which transports non-polar?
Polar-plasma membrane
Non-polar-intracellular
Can a signal pathway result in a cell's death?
Yes
What are ligands specific to the nervous system called?
Neurotransmitters
What is an example of each type of feedback loop
Positive: fruit ripening, childbirth, blood clotting
Negative: temperature regulation, blood sugar, breathing rate
In what phase does the nuclear envelope disappear?
Prometaphase
What happens when damaged cells are allow to replicate unchecked, and do no obey the checkpoints?
Cancer