Category 1
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis
Three different pigments contributing to skin color are __________, __________, and __________. Melanin production increases with increased exposure to __________.
Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin; Sunlight
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
Neurons consist of a large cell __________ and the processes that extend from it. Two types of neuron processes include __________ and __________. Nervous tissue regenerates well/poorly.
Body; Dendrites and Axons; Poorly
Goblet cells are __________ cells that make __________, which serves to lubricate and form a barrier to protect the epithelium.
Unicellular; Mucous
The hypodermis is the __________ layer deep to the skin, comprised of __________ tissue, and __________ __________ to underlying structures, mostly muscles.
Subcutaneous; Adipose; Anchors Skin
Hairs, also called pili, are flexible strands of __________, __________ cells. Hair is produced by hair __________ and contains hard __________. The regions of hair include the __________, the area that extends above the scalp where keratinization is complete and the __________, the area within the scalp where keratinization is still going on.
Dead, Keratinized; Follicles; Keratin; Shaft; Root
Skeletal muscle cells are voluntary/involuntary, long/short, uninucleate/multinucleate, and have a smooth/striated texture.
Voluntary; Long; Multinucleate; Striated
What are the three phases of skin repair?
The Inflammatory Phase (Phase I), The Proliferative Phase (Phase II), and Wound Contraction and Remodeling (Phase III)
What is a keloid?
A keloid is a type of raised scar. Unlike other raised scars, keloids grow much larger than the wound that caused the scar.
The dermis has two layers: the __________ layer is comprised of __________ connective tissue, and the __________ layer is comprised of __________ __________ connective tissue.
Papillary; Areolar; Reticular; Dense Irregular
__________ is an increase in cell size and exhibits normal organization. __________ is an increase in cell number and exhibits normal organization. __________ is disorganized growth and may be a precursor to cancer. __________ is disorganized growth and exhibits a net increase in the number of dividing cells.
Hypertrophy; Hyperplasia; Dysplasia; Neoplasia
Cardiac muscle cells are voluntary/involuntary, smooth/striated, branched/spindle-shaped, uninucleate/multinucleate, and are connected by specialized junctions called __________ __________.
Involuntary; Striated; Branched; Uninucleate; Intercalated Discs
List the three types of skin cancers in order from least to most common.
Melanoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma
What is the rule of nines?
The rule of nines is a standardized method used to quickly assess how much body surface area has been burned on a patient.
The epidermis is made of __________ __________ epithelium, and the four types of cells present are __________, __________, __________, and __________. The epidermis consists of __________ layers.
Stratified Squamous; Keratinocytes, Dendritic Cells / Macrophages, Melanocytes, and Merkel/Tactile Cells; Five
__________ __________ glands form by invagination (inward growth) of an epithelial sheet. __________ retain the connecting cells, which dorm a duct that transports secretions to the epithelial surface. __________ glands lose their ducts during development and secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid, which then enter the blood.
Multicellular Epithelial; Exocrine; Endocrine
Smooth muscle is voluntary/involuntary, smooth/striated, branched/spindle-shaped, and has a central nucleus/multiple nuclei.
Involuntary; Smooth; Spindle-Shaped; Central Nucleus
What are the treatments available for burn victims?
Debridement (removal of burned skin, Antibiotics, Temporary Covering, Skin Grafts
How do sunburns happen?
Melanin produces melanin to protect the skin from UV rays. However, if UV rays exceed what can be blocked by your level of melanin, sunburn results.
Name the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale (Come Let's Get Sun Burned)
__________ glands secrete their products by exocytosis. In __________ glands, the entire secretory cell ruptures, releasing secretions and dead cell fragments.
Merocrine; Holocrine
Muscles are highly/poorly vascularized. __________ muscle means you have conscious control over a muscle, whereas __________ refers to cardiac and smooth muscle controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Highly; Voluntary; Involuntary
Compare and contrast first, second, and third-degree burns.
1. First Degree: epidermal damage only; localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain caused by release of substances to help mediate white blood cells to arrive at the site of the burn to prevent infection
2. Second-Degree: epidermal and upper dermal damage; blisters appear; first- and second-degree burns are referred to as partial-thickness burns because only the epidermis and upper dermis are involved
3. Third-Degree: entire thickness of skin involved (referred to as full-thickness burn); skin color turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened; no edema is seen and area is not painful because nerve endings are destroyed; skin grafting usually necessary
ABCD stands for Asymmetry, Border, Color, and Diameter. These are the characteristics of skin damage that doctors look for when diagnosing and classifying melanomas.