Definitions and prevalence
Maltreatment is an umbrella term for these two adversities.
Abuse and neglect
What are the two main types of maltreatment assessment?
retrospective self-report and documented reports
Lumley & Harkness (2007) proposed three mediating factors of maltreatment and depression, what were they?
negative cognitive schema consolidation, overactive HPA axis, and stress sensitization
In connection to Lumley & Harkness (2007) chapter, which mediating factor does this study provide evidence for?
Depressogenic cognitive schema consolidation
What was the mediating variable proposed to explain the relationship between maltreatment and depression
Perceived social support
StatCan suggested that ___ % of individuals 15+ have a history of maltreatment
33
adv: easy to administer, does not require expertise, anonymous --> full disclosure
disadvantage: misinterpretation, mood and memory bias
Chronic stress (maltreatment) leads to two neurological outcomes. They are _____ and _____.
hypersensitive HPA axis and hippocampal atrophy
The underlying theory of the study is maltreatment and depression can be explained by the presence of a ______ conected negative schema organization and a _______ connected positive schema organization
tightly; loosely
Mother maltreatment had a ____ effect on depression in all models.
direct
In adolescents, maltreatment is associated with a ___ fold increase in risk of depression
2-5
Name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using documented reports
adv: unbiased and accurate, can be used in longitudinal designs
disadvantage: many unreported cases
Rose & Abromson's hopelessness theory of depression posits that those that have been maltreated view their maltreatment as _____, ______, and _______
internal, stable, and global
A main finding was that ______ maltreatment exacted by either parent has serious adverse effects
emotional
The relationship of both father perpetrated maltreatment and bullying and depression was mediated by these types of social support: _______ and _______.
belonging and tangible
Whereas abuse is more of an act that causes harm, neglect is more of a(n) ______ that causes harm.
ommission
Childhood adversity is a risk factor for both stress sensitization and ________
generation of future stressful life events
Two main limitations for this study are:
answers: replication concerns; generalizabiltiy concerns; using retrospective reports (open to memory biases); cross-sectional (cannot ascertain if maltreatment preceded depression)
Name two potential limitations of this study.
answers: generalizability, cross-sectional, does not assess source of support or type of bullying, variables influence one another
Why is there an increased risk of depression in adolescents with a history of maltreatment, compared to children with a history of maltreatment.
Possible answers: adolescents are likely to have experienecd a loner duration of maltreatment, normative developmental processes interacting with environment
Why are documented reports preferred in assessing maltreatment in children?
answers: Mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse under age of 16, children may not understand questions in questionnaires, children are susceptible to manipulation, suggestion, confabulation
Explain how maltreatment may lead to any of the three mediating factors.
depressotypic cognitive schema: especially emotional maltreatment- may internalize negative content and form a negative organization
HPA axis: chronic stress leads to sensitivity which decreases threshold for stress response
stress sensitization: both of the above models work together
What does this study suggest to be a promising/necessary intervention to prevent depression in those with a history of maltreatment.
early intervention on preventing consolidation of maladaptive schemas
Provide 1 implication of the study and 1 suggestion for future directions.
implication: instilling a sense of belonging and ability to receive tanigble supports could be a protctive factor against father perpetrated abuse and bullying; CBT interventions creating a sense of belonging can be important in treating depression.
future directions: examine father and mother perpetrated maltreatment separately; examine why there is a difference of PSS for each type of maltreatment; determine whether PSS precedes depression or depression perceives PSS