General Organization of the Cell
Which statement is correctly describing the Golgi apparatus?
A. Inside the Golgi apparatus are enzymes that process and add the sugar side chains on transmembrane and secreted proteins
B. The Golgi consists of round vesicles, and proteins scattered in the cell cytoplasm.
C. The Golgi apparatus is characteristically located in the top of the cell near the apical side.
D. On the upstream side (the beginning, cis face) of the Golgi apparatus, processed proteins segregate into different vesicles destined for lysosomes or the plasma membrane.
A. Inside the Golgi apparatus are enzymes that process and add the sugar side chains on transmembrane and secreted proteins
Extracellular fluids are LEAST likely to move through the space between cells that are joined by which type of intercellular junction?
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Tight junctions
What are the types of interactions between G-actin subunits that stabilize the formation of an actin filament? i. Hydrogen bonds ii. Electrostatic bonds iii. Hydrophobic iv covalent
i. Hydrogen bonds
ii. Electrostatic bonds
iii. Hydrophobic
Apoptosis is also called:
programmed cell death
non-programmed cell death
accidental cell death
mitotic cell death
programmed cell death
Total Magnification on a microscope is obtained by __________
A. Magnifying power of the objective lens
B. Magnifying power of eyepiece
C. Magnifying power of condenser lens
D. Magnifying power of both the objective lens and eyepiece
D. Magnifying power of both the objective lens and eyepiece
Protein RanB is an integral membrane protein, whereas HusA is a surface protein. If you use different concentrations of Triton X on the cells, from low to high concentrations, which protein will be removed first?
RanB
HusA
Both HusA and RanB
Neither proteins as they need high salt and not detergent to remove them from the membrane
HusA
Which type of cellular junction is present in cardiac cells, and is very important in helping the cells contract at the same time?
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions
The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Myofilament
Sarcomere
which of the following results in an inflammatory response?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy
Necroptosis
Pyroptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy
Necroptosis
Pyroptosis
Match each term with its definition:
1- The minimum distance between two points that can still be seen as distinct structures.
2- Part of the microscope on which the sample of investigation is positioned.
3- The apparent size of an image compared to its real size
Magnification ; Stage ; Resolution
Match each term with its definition:
1- The minimum distance between two points that can still be seen as distinct structures:Resolution
2- Part of the microscope on which the sample of investigation is positioned: Stage
3- The apparent size of an image compared to its real size :Magnification
In the anticodon (on the tRNA) : 5’ GCA 3’ what is the wobble position? What is the Codon sequence on the mRNA?
Wobble: C Codon is: 5’ TGC 3’
Wobble: G Codon is: 5’ UGC 3’
Wobble: A Codon is: 5’ UGC 3’
Wobble: G Codon is: 5’ TGC 3’
Wobble: G Codon is: 5’ UGC 3’
Adherens junctions are specialized cell junctions that form by linking the __________ to transmembrane proteins known as __________.
microtubule cytoskeleton . . . integrins
intermediate filament cytoskeleton . . . integrins
microtubule cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
actin cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
actin cytoskeleton . . . cadherins
Which of the following cytoskeletal protein functions in microvilli of intestinal cells to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption?
Intermediate filaments
Actin
Microtubules
Myosin thick filaments
Actin
You would like to study apoptosis in your cells, for this you wish to purify mitochondria. First you perform cell lysis by Dounce homogenization. Which of the following centrifugation you will need to do in order to pellet the mitochondria?
50 x for 10 min
100 x g 5 min
600 x g 10 min
15,000 x g 20 min
15,000 x g 20 min
______________ is a stain used to distinguish between living/viable and dead/non-viable cells to assess the viability of a cell culture
A. Trypan Blue
B. Bromophenol Blue
C. Easy Blue
D. Neutral Blue
A. Trypan Blue
Neurotransmitters are proteins that are synthesized in the neurons and are subsequently secreted outside the cell to stimulate a target cell, such as a muscle cell, to contract. Neurotransmitters must be translated in this location inside the cell:
In the cytoplasm on free floating ribosomes
On the mitochondria membrane
On the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane
In the nucleus
On the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about gap junctions?
Gap junctions prevent molecules and ions from traveling between cells in the extracellular space.
Gap junctions have some functionality of permitting cells to adhere to one another.
Gap junctions contribute to electrical coupling of adjacent cells.
Gap junctions permit the travel of small molecules back and forth between adjacent cells.
Gap junctions prevent molecules and ions from traveling between cells in the extracellular space.
A mutation in which protein result in a failure of neurotransmitter from reaching the nerve terminal from the ER near the nucleus?
Myosin
Kinesin
Dynein
Actin
Kinesin
Which of the following explains how apoptosis is related to cancer?
Cancer is an example of uncontrolled apoptosis.
The cues that would trigger apoptosis have failed in cancer cells.
Cancer cells cause excessive apoptosis in surrounding cells to make more room for more cancer cells
Cancer cells are formed when necrosis occurs instead of apoptosis
The cues that would trigger apoptosis have failed in cancer cells.
Which of the following microscopy techniques relies on the specimen interfering with the transmitted light to produce a high contrast image without the need for dyes or any modifications to the sample?
A. Electron microscopy
B. Fluorescence microscopy
D. Phase contrast microscopy
E. Confocal microscopy
D. Phase contrast microscopy
The ribosome has 3 sites to which the tRNA carrying amino acids can bind P-site, A-site and E-site, what do these stand for? Pick from the following:
P- Pan codon site, P- Peptidyl site, P- Protein site, P- Promoter site,
A- Antibody site, A- Acceptor site, A- Amino acid site
E-Ending site, E-Exit site, E-Entry site
P- Peptidyl site
A- Acceptor site
E-Exit site
Gap junctions are absent in __________
Sperm cells
Muscle cells
Cardiac cells
Brain cells
White blood cells
Sperm cells
White blood cells
A mutation in myosin tail domain will likely result in:
A myosin that can bind to actin filaments, but it will not bind to ATP.
A myosin that cannot bind to vesicle cargo.
A myosin that cannot bind to ATP.
A myosin that will move in the reverse direction on actin filaments.
A myosin that cannot bind to other myosin proteins.
A dominant negative protein.
A myosin that cannot bind to vesicle cargo.
and
A dominant negative protein.
You perform an experiment where you treat cells with a drug called Doxorubicin in combination with low oxygen concentrations (to mimic a solid tumor where oxygen concentration decreases). In order to determine if the cells have undergone apoptosis you stain treated and untreated cells with AnnexinV-488. You then pass the cells in a cell analyzer and you obtain the following results:
Total Counted Cells: 100
Cells positive for annexin V:
Non-treated cells Normoxia: 20
Non-treated cells Hypoxia: 50
Doxorubicin treated cells Normoxia: 40
Doxorubicin treated cells Hypoxia: 80
What can you conclude from this result?
A. Doxorubicin did not induce apoptosis
B. Doxorubicin induced apoptosis of cells grown in Hypoxia only
C. Doxorubicin induced apoptosis of cells grown in normal (non-hypoxic) conditions only
D. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects did not improve in hypoxia
E. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects were more prominent in hypoxia
E. Doxorubicin resulted in apoptosis in both normoxia and hypoxia, however the effects were more prominent in hypoxia
In an Immunofluorescence staining experiment to stain DNA repair proteins, you have used the following primary antibodies Mouse anti-H2AX antibody and Rabbit anti 53BP1 antibody. Then you used the following secondary antibodies: Goat Anti-Rabbit 488, Donkey Anti-Cheep 568 and Rat Anti-Mouse 647 antibodies. What color combination do you expect to see on your fluorescence microscope:
A: Green H2AX and Orange 53BP1
B: Orange 53BP1 and Red H2AX
C: Red H2AX and Orange 53BP1
D: Green 53BP1 and Red H2AX
D: Green 53BP1 and Red H2AX