Multi-store memory model
Which study supports the multi-store memory model?
Glanzer and Cunitz, HM
In theory, what should be the effect of carrying out two tasks simultaneously, that both involve listening?
We perform less well than if we did the tasks separately.
What is the dual processing theory?
That thinking and decision making can be divided into system 1 and system 2
What is memory affected by?
Biases and schema
What is schema?
Schemas are mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge. (Inthink definition)
To move information from STM to LTM you:
A: attention B: retrieval C: rehearsal D: transfer
D: transfer
Which experiment/study supports the working memory model?
Landry and Bartling (2011) - articulatory suppression - participants (of the IV) saw a list of letters which they had to recall while saying the numbers '1' and '2' at a rate of two numbers per second.
What are the characteristics of System 1 thinking?
Fast, unconscious, automatic, error prone, full of heuristics, simple decisions
What are Biases?
A natural inclination for or against an idea
What are Flashbulb memories?
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid "snapshot" of the moment when a surprising and emotionally arousing event happened. (Brown & Kulik)
What is true about the STM?
A:Limited in capacity but limitless in duration, B:Limited in both capacity and duration, C:Limitless in capacity but limited in duration, D:Limitless in both capacity and duration
B: Limited in both capacity and duration
What are the two components of the Phonological loop?
The “inner voice” (articulatory control system) and the “inner ear” (phonological store)
What are the characteristics of System 2 thinking?
Slow, conscious, effortful, reliable, complex decisions.
Which type of memory are reconstructed?
Episodic memory
How can schema influence our thinking and behaviours?
Can influence our ability to comprehend new information and the speed at which we learn. People are more likely to pay attention to things which fit in with their current schemas and learn info more readily when it fits with their existing schemas.
What determines whether information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?
Selective attention.
What is the job of the so-called “Central Executive”?
It is the attention control system that monitors and coordinates the operations of the other subordinate components; decides how and when the slave systems are used.
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts (part of system 1 and lead to biases)
Humans are cognitive ……?
Misers
What are some limitations to the Flashbulb memory theory?
- It's one's level of confidence, not accuracy, which defines FBM.
- Rehearsal may play the most important role in the development of FBM.
-It's impossible to verify the accuracy of memories (when doing real life research).
- It's impossible to measure one's emotional state at the time of an event - ergo makes it impossible to demonstrate a clear causal explanation.
The correct order for memory process.
C: Environmental input->sensory memory-> short-term memory-> long-term memory
What is another name for the “inner eye” and what is its job?
The visuospatial sketchpad - the temporary store for visual & spatial information from either sensory or LTM. Includes storage & manipulation of visual patterns & spatial movements in 2 or 3 dimensions. Also helps us remember what visual information is important & where it is.
How does the Stroop Effect test show the dual processing model?
When they read the word it was System 1 (easy), when they read the actual colour of the word it was system 2 (hard).
What is the misinformation effect?
Post-event information influencing the accuracy of recall
What cultural differences are there in regards to the formation of Flashbulb memories?
Collectivistic cultures have fewer personalised flashbulb memories than individualistic cultures. In the case that the memory is based on a national tragedy (eg 9/11), the rate of Flashbulb Memories was the same.