Aminoglycosides
What is the definition for Aminoglycosides?
Drugs used in combination with other antibiotics that treat many infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
What is the definition for Cephalosporins?
Semisynthetic antibiotic derivatives produced by fungus.
What is the definition for Macrolides?
A class of drugs used in many infections of the respiratory tract, for skin conditions such as acne, or for some sexually transmitted infections when the patient is allergic to penicillin.
What is the definitions for Penicillin?
A class of antibiotics produced from certain species of a fungus.
What is the definition for Carbapenems?
A class of broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs, derived from cephalosporins, that resist degradation by bacterial beta-lactamases.
What are at least 2 side effects for Aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity generally reversible upon discontinuation.
Ototoxicity both auditory (hearing loss) and vestibular (vertigo), may be permanent.
Neuromuscular blockade, including respiratory paralysis.
CNS symptoms, including headache, tremor, lethargy, numbness, and seizures/Blurred vision, rash, or urticaria
What are at least 2 side effects for Cephalosporin?
Hypersensitivity, including rash, edema, or anaphylaxis (especially in those allergic to penicillin.
Blood....
What are at least 2 side effects for Macrolides?
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramps(take the medication with food or use smaller, more frequent doses)
Urticaria and rash
Superinfections
What are at least 2 side effects for Penicillin?
Hypersensitivity reactions ranging from rash to fatal anaphylaxis
Superinfections (especially with oral ampicillin) and pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
What are at least 2 side effects for Carbapenem?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and colitis (especially older adult patients)
CNS effects-headache, dizziness, confusion, irritability, seizures, and anxiety
Superinfection (treat infection appropriately, may need to stop the drug)
Phototoxicity (exposure to sunlight can cause severe sunburn
Possible cartilage or tendon damage (higher risk with older adults)
What are the Contraindications for Aminoglycosides?
Tinnitus, vertigo, high frequency hearing loss, reduced renal infection, dehydration
What are the Contraindications for Cephalosporin?
Known allergies, especially to penicillin ( 3%-7%) cross sensitivity, more so with first generation cephalosporins.
What are the Contraindications for Macrolides?
Liver dysfunction and GI disease
What are the Contraindications for Penicillin?
History of serious allergy to penicillin's or other beta lactams ( anaphylaxis hives) ( anaphylaxis has been reported with parenteral, oral, or intradermal skin testing)
What are the Contraindications for Carbapenem?
Carbapenem, similar to other Beta- lactams, should be used cautiously in patients with documented with penicillin's allergies because of the potential for cross reaction.
What are the interactions for Aminoglycosides?
Other ototoxic drugs ( amphotericin B, polymixin B, bacitracin and vancomycin)
What are the interactions for Cephalosporin?
Increased effectiveness with probenecid. disulfiram like reactions ( flushing, tachycardia, shock) with alcohol ingestion and cefotetan
What are the interactions for Macrolides?
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)(ataxia, dizziness and drowsiness)
What are the interactions for Penicillin?
Potentiation of penicillin with probenecid (may be desirable)
What are the interactions for Carbapenems?
Meropenem(Probenecid) May decrease renal excretion of Meropenem; probenecid competes with meropenem for active tubular secretion, which significantly increases elimination half-life of meropenem and extent of systemic exposure.
What are some drug examples of Aminoglycosides?
Amikacin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin.
What are some drug examples of Cephalosporins?
Cephalexin (1st gen.), Cefaclor (2nd gen), Ceftriaxone (3rd gen.), Cefepime/Maxipime (4th gen.), and Ceftaroline/Teflaro (5th gen.)
What are some drug examples of Macrolides?
What are some drug examples of Penicillin?
Amoxicillin, Piperacillin, clavulanic acid(Augmentin), and Tazobactam (Zosyn).
What are some drug examples of Carbapenems?
Meropenem (Merren)
What should the patients be in instructed on regarding Aminoglycosides?
Extreme importance of close medical supervision during therapy.
Careful observation of intake and urinary output.
Prompt reporting of any side effects, especially renal or hearing problems.
What should the patients be in instructed on regarding Cephalosporins?
Possible allergic reactions.
Avoidance of alcohol.
Reporting any side effects to the physician.
Taking the medication without regard to meals but with food if stomach upset occurs
Attention to signs of abnormal bleeding (checking stools and urine for blood)
What should the patients be in instructed on regarding Macrolides?
Common GI side effects to be expected.
Importance of reporting side effects for possible dosage adjustment or prescription of medication for symptomatic relief.
Taking medication with full glass of water 1h before 2h after meals, unless stomach upset occurs (some forms can be taken without regard to meals).
Not taking with other medications.
What should the patients be in instructed on regarding Penicillin?
Discontinuance of the medication and immediate reporting of any hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing)
Taking the medication on time as prescribed, for example on empty stomach, 1h before or 2h after meals, with full glass of water.
Avoidance of antacids and alcohol
Possible decreased effectiveness of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives
What should the patients be in instructed on regarding Carbapenems?
Report adverse reactions or signs and symptoms of superinfection.
Report loose stools to prescriber.
ALERT: Stop drug and notify prescriber if rash, peeling skin, trouble swallowing and breathing, or other signs and symptoms of allergic reaction occur.
Drug can interfere with mental alertness. Do not motorize vehicles or machinery until tolerance is known.