chapter 4 (auditory stimuli)
what are the components of the communication model?
speaker, message, feedback, environment, listener
what percentage of English is visible on the lips?
25-30% is visible on the lips, and of that 25-30%, it all looks like something else
3 things that are essential to speech and language development in children
1)early hearing loss identification (by 3 months)
2) early and appropriate amplification
3) early and appropriate intervention
What should you do if a client comes to you and starts to tell you about their marital problems?
Refer to another professional whose scope of practice falls under this.
What do IDEA, FAPE, and LRE stand for?
Individuals with disabilities education act, free and appropriate public education, and least restrictive environment
2) what frequency can the normal ear perceive auditory info between?
1) <0 dB
2) human ear can perceive auditory info between 20 and 20,000 Hz
what are easier to hear, vowels or consonants?
what are consonants responsible for?
vowels- they are comprised on the major concentration of energy in speech making then easier to hear consonants
consonants are responsible for the intelligibility of speech
1) auditory oral approach
2) auditory verbal approach
3) bilingual/bilcultural approach
4) total communication
5) what is cued speech?
1) Auditory-Oral Approach – Aural-Oral Approach
•Full-time use of hearing aids or cochlear implants
•Auditory and visual skills are emphasized
•Child is educated other children using the same approach
2) Auditory-Verbal Approach
•Full-time use of hearing aids or cochlear implants
•Auditory skills are emphasized
•No visual cues
3)
•ASL – Bilingual/Bicultural Approach
•Evolved from accounts of the superior academic performance of deaf children of deaf parents using ASL
•ASL is established as the first language (L1) and used for instruction and socialization
•Used to develop English
•English (spoken and written) is later developed as the second language (L2)
•Visual approach
•Use of hearing aids or cochlear implants is not critical but is an option
•It is essential that the child have access to adults who are fluent in ASL
•Includes learning about Deaf culture
•Parents may choose to speech training in addition to this approach
4)
•Total Communication
•More of a philosophy than an approach
•Also called “sign supported English”
•Advocates the use of sign language (hopefully PSE and not MCE), fingerspelling, speechreading, residual hearing (hearing aids and cochlear implants), and speech
•Spoken language (speech) is combined with sign language (simultaneous communication)
5) cued speech is a visual communication system, is not a language and is not a replacement for ASL, cued speech uses handshakes, placements, and mouth movements to make the sounds of spoken languages visually accessible
What are Ramdells' levels of hearing?
Symbolic/social, warning/environmental/signal, and primitive/basic level
How do we improve classroom acoustics?
Using an FM system or a sound field amplification system and modifying the environment
1) most intense phoneme?
2) weakest phoneme?
1) /ɔ/
2) /θ/
what is a viseme?
what is a homophene?
a viseme is a group of phonemes that look alike but sound differently
homophene- sounds/words/phrases that share the same place of articulation and look alike but sound differently. Need context, grammatical, lexical, or auditory info the distinguish them visually
what is incidental learning?
learning that takes place through indirect or unplanned thinking, such as overhearing a routine or conversation. This gives children developed language, schema, and is said that 90% of info children know is from incidental learning.
What is the mourning process?
parental reaction to the diagnosis of a hearing loss that appears to follow the stages of grieving which are shock, denial, anger, guilt, depression, and acceptance
What is an auditory processing disorder? And who can diagnose it?
When the child has normal hearing sensitivity but deficits in their ability to understand and use what they hear. And only the audiologist can diagnose APD.
vowels?
Consonants?
what are formants?
vowels- composed of low mid frequencies and high intensity
consonants- high frequencies and low intensity
formants-formants are areas of energy concentration in the vocal tract. Their location and pattern is unique for each vowel. Acoustic information is used to identify the vowel. You need to hear the first two or three formants.
what makes a good speech reader?
natural talent, perceptual proficiency, synthetic ability, flexibility, knowledge of the language
what is considered to be the best strategy and most effective, in developing normal speech and language in children with hearing loss?
early and appropriate intervention
What is a part of Deaf Culture or part of being a part of Deaf Culture?
ASL, socializing with the Deaf community, having its own traditions mores and values, theatre and poetry, clubs, schools for the deaf, lifelong friendships, and intermarriage.
Aural Rehabilitation Services consist of:
screening and assessment of hearing loss, management of amplification, direct instruction to child and indirect consultation to school personnel to support the d/hoh child, and classroom acoustics
give the components of speech perception and the definition of each
detection-awareness of sound, influenced by hearing acuity and sound intensity
discrimination-ability to distinguish between phonemes, syllables, words, etc.
identification- ability to label what one hears by pointing or naming
attention-focusing on the speaker and the message, influenced by degree and quality of attention
1) what is the analytic approach to speechreading?
2) what is the synthetic approach to speechreading
1) before the whole can be identified, the individual parts of the phoneme must be perceived
2) focus on understanding the general meaning rather than on identifying each component , client uses situation cues and predicts message from fragmented visual info
how should the SLP determine speech sounds for D/HOH children?
according to their normal developmental sequence and information
A delay in language and communication has an effect on what? And what does this include?
Has an effect on psychosocial development which includes: self-concept, emotional development, family concerns, and social skills
Why are AR services needed in school?
academic success depends on competent language use, historically children with hearing loss have depressed reading levels and math scores, the greater the degree of hearing loss the greater impact on learning, any degree of hearing loss presents the risk of academic and psychosocial difficulties, and the prevalence of children who have a degree of hearing loss is 1.5 to 2 million