Vocabulary
related to commerce or trade
What does mercantile mean?
everyday spoken language
What is vernacular?
As trade and industry grew, feudalism and manorialism weakened
How did trade and industry impact feudalism?
Protestant reformer, William Tyndale translated the Bible into English
He openly criticized the Catholic Church and was declared a heretic
Tyndale was eventually arrested for heresy, strangled, and burned at the stake
Who was William Tyndale and why was he such an important figure in Reformation history?
a series of meetings called beginning in 1545 to find ways to revive the moral authority of the Catholic Church and stop the spread of Protestantism
What was the Council of Trent?
French for "rebirth"; refers to a period of cultural revival in Europe from the 1300s to the 1500s
What are the Renaissance
the belief in the importance of the individual as opposed to the larger community
What is individualism?
In England, France, and Spain, feudalism defined the structure of life. In Italy, however, feudalism never developed in the same way
Why was Italy an ideal place for the Renaissance to begin?
Most Europeans, not just scholars could read Latin, were able to read and understand the Bible once it started being printed in other languages
People were able to read and interpret the Bible on their own without the help of religious leaders
How did having the Bible written in Vernacular impact the Reformation?
the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
What is predestination?
someone who gives money to support a person or group
What is a patron?
a religious movement that began in the 1500s to reform the Catholic Church
What is Reformation?
Medieval art was usually focused on religion
Renaissance art still focused on religion at time, but also focused on other topics, such as portraits
Renaissance art also focused on realism
What are characteristics of most Renaissance art and how did it differ from traditional Medieval art?
A religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola that focused on 3 major activities: Founding schools throughout Europe, Converting non Christians to Catholicism (missionary work), and Serving the poor and helping the sick
Who were the Jesuits and what were some of their contributions?
a movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church
What is Counter-Reformation?
a cultural movement of the Renaissance based on the study of classical works
What is humanism?
a kind of cancellation of punishment for sin
What are indulgences?
It freed Renaissance artist from emphasis sin and human imperfection
How did the idea of individualism affect Renaissance artists?
A council of Cardinals called to investigate the selling of Indulgences and other moral issues plaguing the Catholic Church.
During the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, declared Martin Luther’s doctrines to be incorrect, and called for the education and training for priests
What was the Council of Trent?
a separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live
What was a ghetto?
The view that religion need not be the center of affairs
What is secularism?
to withdraw or take back
What does it mean to recant?
Luther wrote his 95 theses (Formal statements attacking the selling of indulgences his words were printed using the printing press and spread across Germany which spurred what is known as the Reformation
Who was Martin Luther and how did his ideas spread around Europe?
The Inquisition is what the Church used to enforce the Council’s decisions. I was set up to battle heresy, or beliefs that clashed with the Church’s teachings
What was the Inquisition and what did it do?
After Luther was excommunicated, the Holy Roman Emperor summoned him for a diet, or meeting, where Martin Luther was asked to take back all his statements criticizing the Church. Luther refused and was declared an outlaw
What was the Diet of Worms?