Learning, Motivation, and Mindset
What is the difference between a fixed mindset and growth mindset?
A Growth Mindset is the belief that people can change aspects of themselves, and are capable of learning and growing from setbacks and challenges
A Fixed Mindset is the belief that basic qualities, such as intelligence, personality traits, and abilities are fixed and cannot change
What types of questions are twin studies particularly helpful in answering?
Questions about Nature versus Nurture
Describe the 3 main categories of stress?
Physiological:stress on the body(e.g., car accident)
Psychological:stress from(interpretation of) life events (e.g.,arguing with partner)
Sociocultural:stress from forces that affect social/cultural group(e.g., poverty, prejudice)
What is the term for an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting?
Personality
What form of therapy focuses on training a patient’s own cognitive abilities, with the goal of teaching them new, more adaptive ways of thinking?
Cognitive therapy
Fill in the blank: According to the video lecture by Dr. Carol Dweck, schools are optimized for developing a _____ mindset.
The long-term increase in average scores on standardized intelligence tests over time describes what effect?
The Flynn Effect
Give at least 3 of the observable cognitive decline factors observed in aging adults.
Any 3 of the following: Problem solving, Logical thinking, Executive functions (e.g., inhibition, multitasking), More forgetful, Slower to process and
react to information, Less accurate, More distractible, More easily fatigued by strenuous or demanding tasks
What are the “Big Five” Personality factors under the Five Factor model?
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Zelda has a grandiose view of herself and is preoccupied with fantasies of greatness; she has a lack of empathy and difficulty in relationships. What is a possible diagnosis given this information?
Narcissistic personality disorder
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ____________.
kicked and threw the doll
The cases of Genie Wiley and other “feral children” have provided the most information about the critical periods for what cognitive process?
Language development
Give at least three of the neurobiological changes observed in the brains of aging adults.
Any 3 of the following:Shrinking dendritic fields, Shrinking brain volume, Declining coherence in neural activity, Declining effectiveness of neurotransmitter systems, Decreased likelihood of inducing neuroplasticity
What was the topic researched by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth?
Childhood attachment theory.
Describe the difference between categorical and dimensional diagnosis
Categorical: Describes presence or absence of a disorder (ex., either anxious or not).
Dimensional: Describes the degree to which symptoms are present (ex., how anxious is someone on a scale of 1-10).
Name one problem that cognitive biases help us to address.
Four possible answers: Information overload, Lack of meaning, The need to act quickly, How to know what needs to be remembered for later
Describe the difference between Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence describes the ability to draw novel links between information and to effectively solve problems; while Crystallized Intelligence describes acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
Describe the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
The idea that an individual‘s performance is highest when their stress level is medium.
What are the three points of Sternberg’s “Triangular Model of Love”?
Intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Give two examples of Behavior therapy.
Counterconditioning, Exposure therapies, Systematic desensitization, Virtual reality therapy, Aversion therapy, Operant conditioning therapy, Behavior modification, Token economy
During synaptic pruning, synapses that are not used are ______
Eliminated
The story of Nicaraguan Sign Language is evidence that:
Children need social support/interaction to learn language
Describe two types of appraisal (the way you evaluate events that happen to you)
Primary appraisal: determining how stressful an event is to you
Secondary appraisal: determining how capable you are of coping with an event (“Can I handle this?”)
What was demonstrated by Harlowe’s Monkey Experiment (with the Terry Cloth and Wire Monkeys)?
That the infant-mother bond is not only determined by physiological needs.
Describe the three clusters of personality disorders.
A: Odd or eccentric behavior (paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal).
B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic).
C: Anxious or fearful behavior (avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive)