Raw Materials of Biotechnology
What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula?
Rough ER has ribosomes while smooth ER does not.
OR Rough ER makes proteins while smooth ER makes lipids .
Which nucleotide does uracil bond to?
Adenine
What amino acid corresponds to the start codon, AUG?
Methionine
Why are primers needed in DNA synthesis?
To give the DNA polymerase a starting point
What are plasmids?
Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria, which are useful in genetic engineering
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Produce ribosomes
Name a the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA?
Eukaryotic DNA is found in the nucleus and prokaryotic DNA is found in the cytoplasm.
OR Eukaryotic DNA is linear while prokaryotic DNA is circular.
Which part of an amino acid determines its properties?
What is an Okazaki fragment?
Pieces of DNA created by the DNA polymerase while working on the lagging strand
What is the difference between blunt ends and sticky ends?
Sticky ends have an overhang that makes it easier for DNA to be ligated
What is the cell wall composed of?
Cellulose
What are present at the ends of chromosomes to protect them from damage?
Telomeres
What information does gel electrophoresis provide about a protein?
Its mass
Why are dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) used in Sanger sequencing?
To terminate synthesis on a strand
What is the function of lysozyme?
Break down bacterial cell walls
Name 2 reactants and 2 products of photosynthesis.
Reactants: carbon dioxide and water.
Products: glucose and oxygen.
What type of chemical bond joins DNA nucleotides on the same strand?
Phosphodiester bonds
Name 3 factors that affect enzyme activity.
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration.
What are the 3 stages of a PCR cycle?
Denaturation, annealing, extension
What is the difference between transduction and transfection?
Transduction uses a viral vector to transform cells, while transfection does not.
What would happen if an animal cell had one large vacuole?
It would lyse
What is the difference between a lytic and a lysogenic virus?
Lytic viruses assemble new viruses using the host cell’s resources.
Lysogenic viruses incorporate their DNA into their host cell’s chromosome, which is duplicated during reproduction.
What is the function of IgM antibodies?
They are the body's first response to an antigen, and provide short term immunity.
Name 4 enzymes used in in vivo DNA synthesis and their functions.
RNA primase: create a short RNA primer.
Helicase: breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands.
Topoisomerase: alleviate tension and relieve supercoils.
DNA polymerase: assembly and proofreading.
RNase H: replace RNA primers with DNA.
DNA ligase: join together Okazaki fragments.
Name 3 methods of increasing cell competency.
Temperature shocks, electroporation, divalent cations (e.g. calcium chloride or magnesium chloride).