Ch.2 The Chemical Context of Life
The biological medium of life
Water
Organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Hydrocarbons
Long molecules that consists of multiple monomers linked together by covalent bonds
Polymers
Nucleotides
Organelle that produces and degrades hydrogen peroxide
The tendency for molecules to spread out in space due to kinetic motion
Diffusion
Covalent Bond
This describes substances that readily dissolve in water
Hydrophilic
Compounds that have the same molecular formula BUT different structures and properties
Isomers
The chemical reaction that involves the removal of a water molecule to connect two monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Polypeptides are formed when amino acids are joined to each other via this type of bond
Peptide bond
This organelle is responsible for secretory protein synthesis and glycoprotein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This steroid increases fluidity of the membrane at lower temperatures
Cholesterol
The electrons found in the outermost shell and participate in chemical reactions
Valence electrons
Water molecules resist breaking and stretching at the air/liquid interface
Surface Tension
Collections of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties
Functional Groups
A fatty acid with a carbon-carbon double bond
Unsaturated
A protein that catalyzes the conversion of substrates to products
Enzyme
Intermediate filaments are polymers of...
Keratin
Ions and polar molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane without the help of...
Transport Proteins
The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
Polar
The manner in which water molecules move as a single unit
Cohesion
These isomers differ in their spatial arrangement, with an identifiable cis and trans isomer
Geometric Isomers
Carbohydrates are made up of these monomers
The process by which a protein is unraveled and changes its conformation
Denaturation
The complex structure of glycoproteins outside the plasma membrane
Extracellular Matrix
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will...
go kaboom
The strength of an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
Electronegativity
Substance that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Base
This functional group is nonpolar, bulky and adds volume to organic molecules
Methyl
A disaccharide is formed when two monosaccharides are linked via this type of bond
Glycosidic Bond
Nucleotides are joined together using these kinds of bonds to form polynucleotide chains
Phosphodiester Bonds
The flattened membranous sacs of the Golgi Apparatus
Cisternae
The secretion of large molecules into the extracellular space via fusion of transport vesicles with the membrane
Exocytosis
Transient
This molecule has a carbonyl group at the end
Aldehyde
A monosaccharide with a carbonyl group attached to one of its central carbons
Ketose Sugar
The 3 prime end of a polynucleotide chain has this functional group
Free hydroxyl group
These cytoskeletal elements move chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
Microtubules
Describes the membrane's ability to control what substances pass thru it
Selectively permeable
The 3-D space where an electron is located 90% of the time
Electron Orbital
Substances that minimize changes in pH
Buffers
Organic compounds containing a sulfhydryl group
Thiols
The polysaccharide used for the storage of glucose in animal cells
Glycogen
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region
Amphipathic
These complexes form belts around the cells, preventing the movement of fluid between cells
Tight Junctions
The binding of a ligand to its receptor triggers the formation of a transport vesicle on the plasma membrane
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis