History & Conceptualization
This psychologist's major contribution to the field was the first to study reaction times
Wilhelm Wundt
Hearing two different messages in each ear is what's known as
Dichotic listening
Schemas help us _______ the world around us - a default assumption is when...
interpret; a schema is used incorrectly in an assumption that isn't true
Using and/or associating physical things with things you're trying to remember
Method of Loci
The three levels of abstraction are
Superordinate, basic, subordinate
James Mill believed that all knowledge came through what?
Sensation
Moray's cocktail party phenomenon tells us that
Relevant information can make it through the filter
All partos of a procedure are wired into a highly automatic motor program called a
Script
Picture memory is significantly more reliable than _____ memory, and because of this, it's likely that the way we store and process images is ______ than it is for words.
Word; different
Immanuel Kant believed that certain knowledge couldn't be gained through sensation and is innate; this supports the viewpoint of ______
Broadbent's Filter model proposes a _______, the idea that we are ignoring unattended stimulus in some way, and what we're paying attention to is what makes it through the filter
bottleneck theory
The three types of word confusions are
Acoustic, semantic, and categorical
Paivios Dual Coding theory suggests that
concrete nouns are better remembered than abstract nouns
______ categorization is based on broad to specific traits (i.e. furniture, type of furniture, brand), _______ categorization is grouping things together at large based on similar traits (i.e. modes of transportation
Vertical; Horizontal
Each bird represents an individual memory; if you go in and catch the bird, you remember, if not, you've forgotten - sometimes you can even catch the wrong bird, representative of a false memory. This metaphor was created by
Plato - refined by Aristotle
The idea of _________ suggest that we perceive all of the features of letters, colors, and numbers separately and therefore end up confusing them when trying to identify them as a whole string
Illusory Conjunctions
Marks & Miller came to the conclusion that a sentence that has BOTH ______ & ______ are the easiest to recall later on
Semantics; syntax
The size congruency effect tells us that we are slowed down when deciding which objects are larger in real life because a larger reproduced image of something that is normally small in real life would
Disrupt your previous mental image of the object - making you actually need to take the time to reconsider if it's the larger of the 2 objects
Converging operations
Using prior knowledge to interpret the stimuli we experience is _______ processing; visually decoding stimuli and data to come to a conclusion is _______ processing.
Top down; bottom up
______ search process is where a target has 0 overlap with any of its distractors, whereas in a _______ search process, the target and distractors have overlap
Parallel; serial
Sentence representations are heavily based on ______, meaning that when we initially hear a verb sentence, we assume things based on the _____ it activates and cannot register variants of the verb in other contexts
Schema
_____ theory tells us that we store memories as pictures, whereas _________ theory tells us we store things as words. There is more evidence that supports the validity of _____.
Analog; propositional; analog
Universality