Hypertension
What is considered stage II hypertension?
a. systolic pressure of 130-139 or a diastolic pressure of 80-89
b. systolic pressure >140 or diastolic pressure >90
c. any blood pressure greater than 120/80
d. a blood pressure of 60/40
b. systolic pressure >140 or diastolic pressure >90
What is the action of ACE inhibitors?
ACE inhibitors block the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a vasoconstrictor
What term describes the heart's ability to generate an electrical impulse?
automaticity
What lowers blood pressure by preventing a hormone called norepinephrine from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins. The blood vessels then remain open and relaxed which improves blood flow and lowers blood pressure.
Alpha-adrenergic blockers
Which of the following are symptoms of hypertension? (select all that apply)
a. headache
b. vision changes
c. polyuria
d. nausea
a. headache
b.vision changes
d.nausea
True or false? ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have the same mechanism of action.
False- ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II while ARBs block the vasoconstrictive and aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II.
What are common clinical manifestations of a dysrhythmia?
shortness of breath, dyspnea, mental confusion and chest pain
What works by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine also known as adrenaline. Which then causes the heart to beat more slowly and with less force. It then lowers blood pressure and helps widen veins and arteries to improve blood flow.
Beta-adrenergic blockers
What are some non-pharmacologic treatments for hypertension?
weight loss, reduction of sodium intake, reduction of alcohol intake, regular physical activity, smoking cessation
Which of the following antihypertensive drugs has a blackbox warning regarding pregnant women? (select all that apply)
a. captopril
b. amlodipine
c. losartan
d. furosemide
a. captopril
b. losartan
What are some non-pharmacologic treatments for dysrhythmias?
Pacemakers, defibrillation, cardioversion and the Valsalva maneuver
This effectively decreases blood pressure in hypertensive patients. When this therapy begins, blood volume and cardiac output decrease, after long term administration cardiac output returns to normal, but there is a persistent decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.
Diuretics
What are some factors that contribute to hypertension?
Age, ethnicity, diet, physical activity levels, smoker or nonsmoker
A patient has been put on lisinopril. Which symptom is a common side effect of this drug?
a. night sweats
b. diarrhea
c. tinnitus
d. a persistant cough
d. a persistant cough
What is the prototype for class 1B sodium channel blockers?
Lidocaine
The most commonly prescribed for diuretics for hypertension.
Thiazide diuretics
What are the effects of bradykinin?
Dilates arterioles, increases capillary permeability, constricts venules and increases blood flow to local tissues
When should ACE inhibitors be taken?
a. 1-2 hours before meals
b. before bed
c. whenever is convenient for the patient
d. in the morning
a. 1-2 hours before meals as it increases the absorption of the medication
What are two underlying disease processes that contribute to dysrhythmia development?
Acute MI and chronic lung disease
Which adrenergic blocker is examples of medications that end in "olol"?
Beta-adrenergic blockers