Alteration of generation
What are the two distant life stages?
Diploid sporophyte generation & Haploid gametophyte generation
Gymnosperms enclosed in an ovary? What are they sheltered by?
Gymnosperm seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.
They are only partially sheltered by modified leaves called sporophylls
What does the shoot system take advantage of?
It takes advantage of the air environment resources of CO2 and sunlight while mitigating the effects of water loss.
What are some challenges that affect terrestrial life?
Maintain water
obtaining resources
support
reproduction and dispersal of offspring
What are two groups that are Vascular seedless plants?
Pteriodophytes and lyocophytes
Bryophytes, lycophytes, and pteridophytes all require what to be able to live?
They need water to make sure they don't dry out not only internal functions but for fertilization.
Gymnosperms are classified into four phyla. What are they?
Coniferophyta, cycadiphate, and ginkogophyta, gnetophytes.
What does a young plant begin with?
It begins with radicle (embryonic root), the hypocotyl( embryonic shoot) and the cotyledons (first leaves)
What types of moisture balance do lower plant lives need?
Waxy cuticle
Stomata and guard cells
Timing
Different shapes of structures and example
Pine tree needles
succulent plants like cactus stems
What are some major stages in the life cycle of lycophyte, club mosses?
Lyocophytes
Dominate 360-299mya up to 12 story building in height. in swamp-like forests.
Carboniferous period- as they died formed peats
Added pressure from oceans and heat and time peat formed into coal
During Alternation of generation reproduction and dispersal. What do haploid generation and diploid generations produce?
Haploid generation produces egg and sperm
Diploid generation produce spores
What is the megasporangium?
An area of tissue in the ovules that undergoes meisosi to produce four megaspores. only one of which will survive.
Fruit what is happening within the flower and inside the fruit?
Seed enclosed in the fruit for easy dispersal
Part of a flowering plant is derived from specific tissue of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissue.
What is Apical Meristem?
It is the location of cell division at the tips of roots and stems for growth, maximum exposure to the sun.
Vascular seedless plants Have what?
True leaves, stems, and roots
produce spores not seeds
Diploid sporophytes
Haploid gametophytes- free-living organisms
Do meiosis and mitosis happen in the alternation of a generation where? and with what?
Yes, both meiosis and mitosis happen in the alternation of generation.
Diploid occurs with sporophytes and has a ploidy of 2n
Haploid occurs with gametophyte and has a ploidy of n or 1n
Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophytea have what?
Dominant phylum, the greatest variety of species
needle-like leaves conserve water
sporophyte is dominant
Pollen grains are windblown
Seed is the major dispersal stage
The single plant carries both male and female reproductive structures.
Can you name the fruit structure of an Avacado, inside and out?
Out of the avocado has an Exocarp.
The inside of the avocado the green part is called mesocarp.
The out layer surrounding the seed is called Endocarp.
The seed is in the middle of the fruit
What does Flagellated sperm do?
They are transported to the archegonia by raindrops or dew. The sperm cell swims into the archegonium and fertilizes the egg, resulting in a diploid zygote within the haploid archegonium.
Do you know the difference between Archegonia and Antheridia?
Archegonia is the female organ
Antheridia is the male organ
Non-vascular plants- Alternation of generations
happens how?
In the gametophyte, meiosis occurs when it leads to the dispersal of a spore, which then goes through mitosis, which is then a gametophyte, which then leads to mitosis again. So a gamete is produced, which is then fertilized in the sporophyte, which turns into a zygote. From there comes mitosis, which leads to sporophyte and then sporangium, and back around it goes to meiosis.
Gymnosperms simplified conifer life cycle. Where are the females and males cones located?
Female cones frown in the upper branches, where they may be fertilized by pollen blown on the wind from the male cone.
Male cones grown in the lower branches
Fruit classifications:
Simple fruit: every single flower 1 fruit
Fleshy
Dry
Dehiscent
indehiscent
Aggregate fruit- every single flower 1 fruit
Multiple fruits- all flowers of inflorescences 1 fruit
What do Byophytes and Lycophytes lack?
Lack vascular tissue
depend upon diffusion and osmosis for movement of water and minerals
Lack true roots, stems, leaves
Tend to be small, inconspicuous plants
Gametophyte dominant
What does the Pterophyta - true fern have?
They have fronds with sori on the underside.
Each sorus has multiple sporangia, which produce spores.
Sporophyte dominant
Vascular tissue, no seeds