Language Disorders
Thinking of the domains of language, what rules governing internal organization of sentences. Think: grammar.
SYNTAX
Syntax involves language at the level of the phrase/sentence.
Child’s understanding of the sound units of oral language. For example, knowing that the work "kitty" is made out of 4 sounds:
/k/ + /ɪ/ + /t/ + /i/
Phonological Awareness
The ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language
What kind of aphasia includes damage expressive AND receptive language?
GLOBAL
Global aphasia is damage to multiple language-processing areas of the brain—can produce few recognizable words and understand little or no spoken language.
•Must include decline in MEMORY *AND* ONE of
–Ability to generate coherent speech
–Ability to recognize / identify objects
–Ability to execute motor activities
–Ability to think abstractly, make sound judgments, carry out complex tasks
What do we call a "brain bruise" with brain cell death + bleeding and swelling
BRAIN CONTUSION
A brain contusion causes bleeding and swelling inside of the brain around the area where the head was struck—or elsewhere.
Slurred, slow, quiet, robotic, or uneven speech CAUSED MY MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Dysarthria
When we have "later talkers", this is not a language disorder but a language ______.
DELAY
Kids with a language delay will generally catch up to peers by entrance to primary school.
When I took my Spanish proficiency exam, I had to slowly and effortfully read each written word. This is because, in Spanish, I have poor ______.
READING FLUENCY
The ability to recognize and read words accurately, smoothly, and quickly, usually in context.
Is Broca's aphasia "fluent" or "non-fluent" aphasia
NON-FLUENT
Meaning, there are impairments to expressive language.
What kind of aphasia occurs from cortical atrophy (degeneration of the outer layer of the brain—the cortex).
Frontotemporal Dementia--the 3rd most common type of dementia.
What test would you want to use to describe the level of cognitive function in a person following a TBI?
The Ranchos Los Amigos is associated with COGNITIVE FUNCTION (e.g. response to stimuli, focus, memory recall, etc.)
It is used to understand a brain injury patient's abilities, impairments, and prognosis better, as they move through the stages of recovery.
People with (1) ataxia OR (2) apraxia may have tremors and heart problems.
Cerebellar ATAXIA
Many symptoms of Ataxia extend beyond speech--they can include heath problems, tremors, difficulty walking, lack or coordination, etc.
If speech is part of expressive language, then listening/comprehending is part of _______ language.
RECEPTIVE
Expressive language is the encoding part, and receptive language the decoding.
Reading involves 3 primary components:
Word Reading Accuracy
Reading Fluency
_______
READING COMPREHENSION
Drawing meaning from the text & constructing meaning based on prior knowledge and experience.
FALSE.
Aphasia can only be acquired. "Aphasia" can only occur after language has been acquired.
What do we call the 2 types of abnormal protein growths in the brain in Alzheimer’s Disease?
PLAQUES and TANGLES
–Plaques: deposits of protein fragment that build up in the spaces between nerve cells
–Tangles: twisted fibers of another protein that build up inside cells
What are the two types of stroke we discussed that can be the result of a TBI?
ISCHEMIC STROKE
- Most common
- Caused by decreased oxygen delivery to brain tissue from blocked or narrowed blood vessels(often due to blood clots)
- Occurs in trauma secondary to swelling
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
- Less common
- Caused by decreased oxygen delivery due to blood leaking (i.e., a blood vessel leak)
- Occurs as both primary and secondary injuries (e.g., Ischemic stroke leading to hemorrhage)
Is Apraxia developmental or acquired?
It can be either!
Primary. Their language disorder is their main disorder--it is not caused by something else (like in autism or intellectual disorders)
The period where children begin to gain overall awareness of reading in writing in a very basic way.
Emergent Literacy
During early speech and language development, children learn skills that are important to the development of literacy (reading and writing).
In what type of Aphasia are individuals are often not aware of their errors?
Wernicke’s aphasia
Impaired auditory and reading comprehension but fluent speech.
If blood supply is blocked for longer than a few seconds, brain cells can die, causing damage to the cortex of the brain. What kind of dementia can this cause?
VASCULAR DEMENTIA
You have a type of Amnesia when you can form new memories, but have a hard time remembering those from your past. What type of Amnesia is this?
Retrograde: impaired memories that were formed before the onset of amnesia
Why do we want to collect speech samples in motor speech disorders?
To get a sense of their "natural" (non-pressured or prompted) speech.