Vocabulary
a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
scientific method
that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
universal law of gravitaion
His observations confirmed that the sun was at the center of the universe and also added new information. In his first law, he showed that the planets’ orbits around the sun were not circular, as Copernicus had thought
Kepler
But in the midst of his newfound fame, _________ found himself under suspicion by the Catholic Church.
Galileo
_____________ played a key role in the scientific achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Mathematics
the sun, not Earth, was at the center of the universe
heliocentric
places Earth at the center of the universe
geocentric
He was the first European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope
Galileo
showed that the _________—not the liver, as Galen had thought—was the beginning point for the circulation of blood
heart
When her husband died, she applied for a position as assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy. She was highly qualified, but as a woman—with no university degree—she was denied the post. Members of the Berlin Academy feared that they would set a bad example by hiring a woman
Maria Winkelmann
This system of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
rationalism or modern rationalism
proceeding from the particular to the general
inductive reasoning
a mathematician, thought that his heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe offered a more accurate explanation than did the Ptolemaic system
Nicolaus Copernicus
Robert Boyle was one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry. His work on the properties of gases led to ___________ Law—the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.
Boyle's
The _______________________ and the Enlightenment created a new view of the universe and society in the 1600s and 1700s.
Scientific Revolution
medieval scientists
philosophers
idea that _______ and _________ were completely separate allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert
mind, matter
Newton defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, as well as objects on Earth. Crucial to his whole argument was the universal law of gravitation. This law explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits about the sun. The law states, in mathematical terms, that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. This one universal law, mathematically proved, could explain all motion in the universe.
During the Scientific Revolution, discoveries in __________________ led to a new conception of the universe
astronomy
The person who developed the scientific method was actually not a scientist
Francis Bacon
scientists propose _____________ (theories), or possible explanations, for the events
hypotheses
Newton’s ideas created a new _________ of the universe
picture
He began by thinking and writing about the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere in the confusion of the seventeenth century.
The starting point for his new system was doubt
Descartes
was among the first to use letters to represent unknown quantities
François Viète
She published under her own name at a time when most female writers had to publish anonymously. Her contribution to philosophy is widely recognized today; however, many intellectuals of the time did not take her work seriously
Margaret Cavendish