Exam 1
Vaccines can be used as a type of immunotherapy to attack cancer cells by training the body to recognize a specific antigen. Which type of vaccine is designed to provide the body with a constant supply of antigens
A. Anti-idiotype vaccines
B. DNA vaccines
C. Dendritic cell vaccines
D. Antigen vaccines
B. DNA vaccines
Which of the following is true of carcinomas?
A. they are responsible for >95% of Western world cancer deaths.
B. They involve cell types arising from embryonic mesoderm
C. They are derived from epithelial cells.
D. They tend to be the most aggressive type of cancer
C. They are derived from epithelial cells.
Teletherapy is a type of radiation treatment where ___________
A. An external beam irradiates the region where the tumor is located.
B. An internal beam irradiates the region where the tumor is located.
C. a radioactive implant is inserted to deliver radiation from within an organ
D. radiopharmaceuticals are inserted into the patient that migrate to cancer cells from circulation
A. An external beam irradiates the region where the tumor is located
Once a cell has been infected with a virus, how might viral genes be transmitted from mother to daughter cells?
A. Viral DNA carriers its own replication machinery, replicating its own genome independently of host enzymes.
B. Viral DNA may be integrated into the host cell's chromosomes, so that it is replicated along with host DNA prior to cell division
C. Virus can escape the mother cell and re-infect all daughter cells.
D. Viral genes are not transmitted to daughter cells since presence of viral genes is usually not detected in all cell derived from the original infected cell
C.
D.
B. Viral DNA may be integrated into the host cell's chromosomes, so that it is replicated along with host DNA prior to cell division
Which of the following cytotoxic agents works by inhibiting the assembly of tubuliin into microtubules during mitosis of the cell cycle?
A. Alkylating agents
B. Antitumor antibiotics
C. Antimetabolites
D. Plant alkaloids
D. Plant alkaloids
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to formation of cancer?
A. A mutation in the promoter of an apoptotic gene
B. A mutation in the intron of a cell proliferation gene.
C. An activating mutation in an exon of a gene coding for a protein that promotes cellular proliferation.
D. Changes in the expression level of a gene required for apoptosis
B. A mutation in the intron of a cell proliferation gene.
Some retroviruses are able to transform cells through
A. inserting themselves at the start site of a tumor suppressor gene in the host genome.
B. inserting themselves at the transcription termination site of a proto-oncogene in the host genome
C. Possessing genes themselves that act as proto-oncogenes
D. inserting themselves at the start site of a proto-oncogene in the host genome
D. inserting themselves at the start site of a proto-oncogene in the host genome
In a hypothetical cross between two fruit flies, one with red eyes and one with white eyes, all resulting progeny had red eyes. This would suggest that:
A. The red-eyed trait is recessive to white eyes.
B. The red-eyes trait is dominant to white eyes.
C. The red-eyed and white-eyed genes are co-dominant.
D. The eye color trait is most likely coded for by multiple genes.
B. The red-eyes trait is dominant to white eyes.
Which of the following events would be MOST likely to lead to cancer?
A. Methylation ion the promoter region of a gene required for apoptosis.
B. An activating mutation in a gene required for apoptosis
C. Methylation in the promoter region of a gene required for cell proliferation
D. An activating mutation in a cell cycle checkpoint gene.
A. Methylation ion the promoter region of a gene required for apoptosis.
A gene found in a normal cell's genome that can be picked up and altered by a virus to drive cellular transformation is known as ________
A. An oncogene
B. A proto-oncogene
C. A transgene
D. A protogene
B. A proto-oncogene
Normal genes found in the human genome can be activated to become oncogenes by ______
A. Somatic mutations that result in higher levels of expression of the gene.
B. Deregulation of the gene by viral promoters.
C. Amplification of the chromosomal region where the proto-oncogene is located.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Fusion of the reading frames of the bcr and abl genes, as is often observed in cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), is an example of what type of genetic alteration?
A. A chromosomal translocation
B. A gene amplification
C. A frame shift mutation
D. A chromosomal deletion
A. A chromosomal translocation
Which of the following is FALSE regarding somatic mutations?
A. They occur in non-germ-line cells
B. They can be passed on to lineal descendants of the cell that was mutated.
C. They may occur at any time during an individual's lifetime.
D. They can be passed on from parent to child.
D. They can be passed on from parent to child.
Which of the following is true about DNA mutations found in cancer?
A. It does not matter where a mutation is located within the sequence of a gene.
B. DNA mutations within genes usually occur at similar rates across all cancers
C. DNA mutations occur at different rates across different cancers and are located only within specific regions of the gene's sequence
D. Genes have to get mutated at multiple sites within their sequence to become oncogenes.
C. DNA mutations occur at different rates across different cancers and are located only within specific regions of the gene's sequence
Which of the following is required in order to do precision medicine?
A. Sequencing of the patient's cancer cells and normal cells
B. Sequencing of the patient's cancer cells only
C. Removal of a patient's T-cells
D. Sequencing of a patient's immune cells
A. Sequencing of the patient's cancer cells and normal cells
Analysis of a patient's lung tumor reveals that all of the malignant cells in this tumor have a specific chromosomal abnormality involving a fusion event between two sets of chromosomes. This most likley suggests that ________
A. This mutation was inherited.
B. The tumor in polyclonal
C. The tumor is monoclonal in origin.
D. A large number of normal cells simultaneously underwent this mutation
C. The tumor is monoclonal in origin.
Many cancer cells exhibit ANEUPLOIDY, meaning that they:
A. proliferate at higher rates than normal cells.
B. Exhibit higher rates of apoptosis than normal cells.
C. Have an abnormal number of chromosomes
D. have a normal number of autosomes
C. Have an abnormal number of chromosomes
Which of the following is true of retroviruses?
A. They are DNA viruses
B. Their replication cycle requires reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
C. They don't integrate into the host cell's genome
D. They integrate into the host cells genome in the form of RNA
B. Their replication cycle requires reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
A tumor promoter
A. Induces mutations in DNA.
B. Can cause cancer on its own.
C. Enhances tumorigenesis through nongenetic mechanisms
D. Is always a naturally occurring compound
C. Enhances tumorigenesis through nongenetic mechanisms
Which of the following was found due to DNA transfection experiments?
A. Multiple oncogenes are required to transform normal cells.
B. Once single oncogene is responsible for the transformation of normal cells.
C. Oncogenes require the presence of a virus to transform normal cells.
D. Transformation of normal cells can only be achieved by viruses.
B. Once single oncogene is responsible for the transformation of normal cells.
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic exhibited by cells after they were infected with the RSV virus?
A. Loss of contact inhibition
B. Cells formed clusters, or foci, after infection
C. Cell exhibited flattened morphology
D. The cells exhibited metabolic properties similar to those observed in tumor cells
C. Cell exhibited flattened morphology
In which type of immunotherapy are T cells taken from the patient's body and modified to attack the cancer cells?
A. Vaccines
B. Monoclonal antibodies
C. Cytokine modification
D. Adoptive cell transfer
D. Adoptive cell transfer
Which of the following is true of energy metabolism by cancer cells
A. they usually generate ATP through the krebs cycle.
B. They are more efficient at energy metabolism than normal cells and generate 36 molecules of ATP for every glucose molecule metabolized.
C. They do not use the Krebs cycle and instead undergo aerobic glycolysis
D. They import much lower levels of glucose in comparison with normal cells.
C. They do not use the Krebs cycle and instead undergo aerobic glycolysis
Which of the following statements is true?
A. All types of cancer are associated with a transforming retrovirus
B. Retrovirus-associated oncogenes are often related to the oncogenes found in mutant form or increased copy number in non-virally induced tumor cells.
C. the oncogenes found in viruses such as src in the rsv virus, are not normally found in the human genome.
D. The oncogene found through DNA transfection experiments were entirely different than the oncogenes found through viral experiments.
B. Retrovirus-associated oncogenes are often related to the oncogenes found in mutant form or increased copy number in non-virally induced tumor cells.
Which of the following schematics MOST likely describes the correct order of cellular changes that occur in the progression of malignancy?
A. Normal - hyperplastic - dysplastic - neoplastic - metastatic
B. Normal - dysplastic - hyperplastic - neoplastic - metastatic
C. Normal - hyperplastic - dysplastic - metastatic - neoplastic
D. Normal - neoplastic - dysplastic - hyperplastic - metastatic
A. Normal - hyperplastic - dysplastic - neoplastic - metastatic