People
This physiologist researched classical conditioning through his work with dogs.
Ivan Pavlov
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
Instinct
What are the two important language- and speech-processing areas of the brain?
Broca's Area
-left frontal lobe
-language expression
Wernicke's Area
-left temporal lobe
-language reception
A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Working Memory
Put the following in order according to the James-Lange theory of emotion: arousal, emotion, and stimulus
stimulus -> arousal -> emotion
The father of behaviorism, he is most well known for his "Little Albert" experiment.
John B. Watson
Who came up with the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
babbling stage
Sensory memory feeds our active working memory, recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds.
What are two types of sensory memory?
Iconic memory
-a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
-Ex: a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic memory
-a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
-If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
-Ex: You are daydreaming in class and the teacher asks “What did I just say?” you can recover the last few words from your mind’s echo chamber.
cognitive appraisal
This individual was the pioneering researcher of observational learning and he conducted an experiment where children beat a bobo doll.
Albert Bandura
Drive reduction theory is most concerned with maintaining a state of _____________.
homeostasis
-The maintenance of a steady internal state.
Around the age of one, children enter which stage of language development?
one-word stage
According to an information-processing model there are three steps of memory:
1. get information into our brain: ____________
2. retaining that information: ____________
3. getting the information back out: ____________
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval
According to Robert Zajonc and Joseph LeDoux, what is one difference between the "high road" and "low road" of emotion?
"high road"
-More complex feelings like hatred and love
-A stimulus following this path would travel (by way of the thalamus) to the brain’s cortex. There it would be analyzed and labeled before the response command is sent out, via the amygdala.
"low road"
-Simple likes, dislikes, and fears
-A neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex
-Stimulus travels from the thalamus to the amygdala
-No conscious thinking
This person invented a cat puzzle box to test how animals learn. From his research with cats he came up with the law of effect that would later influence B.F. Skinner.
Edward L. Thorndike
Under the Arousal Theory of emotion, what is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
At about 18 months, children enter the two-word stage. They start speaking two-word sentences like "go car"—mostly nouns and verbs.
What is this early speech form called?
telegraphic speech
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memories?
implicit:
-without conscious recall
-processed in cerebellum and basil ganglia
-ex: motor skills & classical conditioning
explicit:
-with conscious recall
-processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes
-ex. semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personally experienced events)
Which theory of emotion stated the following: A cognitive appraisal of the stimulus precedes both the physiological arousal and the emotional experience, which occur simultaneously.
Lazarus' theory of emotion.
This individual was most well known for his research on taste aversion. He challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well and demonstrated that a rat would associate a taste, but not a light or sound, with illness.
John Garcia
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after an individual has had their (1) physiological needs, (2) safety needs, (3) belongingness and love needs, and (4) esteem needs met, what can they achieve
(5) Self-actualization
-The need to live up to our fullest and unique potential
(6 Self-transcendence needs- need to find meaning and identity beyond the self)
When referring to language development, what does "critical period" mean?
There is a limit on how long language leaning can be delayed.
As the language-learning window gradually closes, language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful.
What are the three R's of measuring memory retention?
Recall- Retrieving information learned earlier; ex. fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition- A person identifies items previously learned; ex. multiple-choice test
Relearning- The amount of time saved when learning material again
Describe and/or draw the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the emotional experience.