People pt.1
Albert Einstein
German physicist
Discoveries: space and time = not absolute, they are relative to eachother + observer
energy inside of atoms: E = mc^2
^helped create nuclear bombs
Karl Marx
German Philosopher
upbringing: Middle - class, p.h d in philosophy, radical journalist, joined communist league (consisted of socialist revolutionaries), beleived in the "opressed and opressor" theory
moved to Britain after fails of 1848 Revolutions
Sigmund Freud
Austrian nuerologist
beleifs: your minds subconsencious is a battle between desires and logic, traits are manifested in your dreams, very sexual ideology: instest: boys think about killing their father and sleeping with their mother
Ideas were wrong but influencial
British East India Company
private trading company
responsible for subjugating much of India
Anarchism
The beleif that people were inheritantly good but corrupted by the state and society
true freedom is only acheived by abolishing the state and social institutions
First come first serve, nature, work together, get rid of all opression possible, no govt.
prominant in less industrialized + democratic countries
Charles Darwin
British biologist
Discoveries: galapagos, tortosis', evolution, survival of the fittest (aka natural selection), mutation leads to stronger species, hard to survive on Earth
Book = Origin of Species
Went against christianity w/ evolution: adam and eve: caused controversy
Mistakes: Natural Selection ongoing bc of choice of spouse, different races = different points in evolution (Europeans = strongest)
Louis Pasteur
French chemist
discovered germs and could be killed by boiling them: pasteurization
Cubism
Type of art during this time period
abstract figures with right angles
Women's Social and Political Union
Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst
group of feminist
used publicity stunts to emphasize womens demands (egged male politicians, broke windows, chained themselves to lamp posts, threw themselves in front of the Kings horses, etc)
Communism
Also known as marxism / revolutionary socialism
overthrow the bourgeoisie + reorganize factories w/ revolution
political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society
Emmeline Pankhurst
British political activist
radical feminist: womens rights advocate by pulling publicity stunts
founded Women's social and political union
Marie Curie
Polish - French physicist and chemist
discoveries: subatomic particles give off radiation as they disentagrate (undrmined Newtons laws), First women to win a nobel prize, died from radiation exposure
Impressionism
Art during this time period
visible brush strokes, focused on depicting light and movement instead of realistic still images, often reflected bourgeoisie industrial society, more abstract than traditional art, and initially rejected by society
^ focused on the "impression" or feeling rather than the actual image ... hence the name
Proletariat
Industrial working class
workers formed trade unions which helped unemployed
formed the socialist party (most successful in Germany) -> pushed for better working class conditions
ideology: get rid of overwhelming rich power + reorganize factories without a revolution instead let it evolve on its own
New imperialism
European states embarked on an intense scarmble for overseas territory
Causes: countries wanting to be the most powerful, desire for resources, navies
if nationalist you were an imperialist @ this time
Marx followers beleived imperialism was economically driven
Friedrich Nietzsche
German Philosopher
beleifs: society = too focused on rationality, humans driven by subconsceouis not logic, there is no truth because everybody has a different perspective, disagreed with social democracy and reform, hated christianity - people should create their own values/ morals
Max Planck
German physicist
discovered subatomic particles don't follow laws of physics (undermined Newton)
Post Impressionism
art during this time period
same ideas as impressionism but more absract
Germ Theory
discovered by Lister
ideology that you could kill germs with antiseptics (especially during surgery)
Social darwinism
Theory that human groups are subject to the same laws of natural selection (Darwins dicovery) as animals and plants
Joseph Lister
British surgeon
discoveries: Could kill germs with antiseptics (especially during surgery), <- known as Germ theory
Listerine mouthwash
Millicent Fawcett
British Politician
moderate feminist: beleived women should demonstrate that they are responsible enough to be involved with government ... did so by peacefully protesting (verbally)
quantum mechanics
discovered by Max Planck
The study of movement of subatomic particles
Theory of Relativity
Discovered by Einstein
theory that space and time are not absolute, they are relative to eachother and the observer
Cult of Domestcity
often referred to women being domestic
stay @ home mothers
men went out to work
only middle class could afford this