Researchers
Who is HM: Milner?
Milner carried out a case study of the role of the hippocampus on memory formation. HM was the participant who had his hippocampus removed to prevent seizures.
What is the Aim of HM: Milner (1966)
The aim was to determine if removing tissue from the medial temporal lobe would eliminate the drastic epileptic seizures.
What was the procedure of HM: Milner?
William Scoville performed an experimental surgery where he removed tissue from the medial temporal lobe on both sides of HMs brain.
What were the results of HM: Milner?
HM lost the ability to form new memories, more commonly known as anterograde amnesia.
What was the conclusion deduced from HM: Milner?
The existence of procedural memory.
Who is Antonova?
Antonova supported the research of Rogers and Kesner's findings in relation to cognitive maps in humans.
What is the Aim of Antanova?
Antonova wanted to see if scopolamine affected hippocampal activity in the brain.
What is the procedure of Antonova (2011)?
"participants were put into fMRI scan while playing "Arena task". Participants were first trained in game so they knew the rules. After training, the participants' brain activity was measured for 6 trials. Participants returned 3-4 weeks later and redid the test with opposite treatment to original study." Quizlet
What is the results of Antonova?
"the researchers found that when participants were injected with sopolamine, they demonstrated a significant reduction in the activation of the hippocampus compared to when they received a placebo. This suggests that scopolamine impairs memorization of new information by decreasing spiking activity within the hippocampus."Quizlet
What is the conclusion of Antonova?
"it appears that acetylcholine could play a key role in the encoding of spatial memories in humans" Quizlet
Who is Maguire (2000)?
He carried out a study to demonstrate how cognitive processes may lead to neuroplasticity.
What was the aim of Maguire (2000)
The aim of the study was to see whether the brains of London taxi drivers would be somehow different as a result of the exceptional training that they have to do to be certified.
What is the Procedure of Maguire (2000)?
"MRI scans were performed (by measuring soft tissue by exposing the brain to a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the brain)." Quizlet
What are the results of Maguire (2000)?
"- A negative correlation between the length of time as a taxi driver and the volume of grey matter in the right anterior - the longer the time spent as a taxi driver the less the volume of grey matter in the right anterior.
- A positive correlation between the length of time as a taxi driver and the volume of grey matter in the right posterior - the longer the time spent as a taxi driver the greater the volume grey matter in the right posterior." quizlet
What is the Conclusion of Maguire (2000)?
"- The brain has plasticity - the ability to change to meet the demands of the environment. This is why there was a greater volume associated with the taxi drivers with the greater time spent as a taxi driver.
- The left and right sides of the hippocampus have different functions - the right side may be responsible for mental maps - this may be why the taxi drivers with more experience had a greater volume.
- Anterior Hippocampus - involved in previously learned information
- Posterior Hippocampus - involved in new environmental information"
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Who is Sharot el al?
A study Discussing the use of technology in investigating cognitive processes. Along with the
evaluation of the theory that emotion may affect one cognitive process.
What is the aim of Sharot el al?
"To determine the role of biological factors on flashbulb memories" Quizlet
What is the procedure if Sharot el al?
"The study was conducted three years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in Manhattan. Participants were put in an fMRI machine and whilst in the scanner they were presented with word cues on the screen alongside the word summer or September in order to get the participant to link the words to either the summer holidays or the 9/11 attack. Participants brains were scanned and recorded while they were recalling events. The memories of personal events from the summer were used as a baseline of brain activity for evaluating the nature of the 9/11 attacks. Afterwards, participants were asked to rate their memories for vividness, detail, confidence in accuracy and arousal. They were also asked to write down their personal memories." Quizlet
What are the results of Sharot el al?
"Sharot and her team found that the activation of the amygdala for the participants who were downtown was higher when they recalled memories of the terrorist attack than when they recalled events from the preceding summer, whereas those participants who were further away from the event had equal levels of response in the amygdala when recalling both events. The strength of amygdala activation at retrieval was shown to correlate with flashbulb memories. These results suggest that close personal experience may be critical in engaging the neural mechanisms that produce the vivid memories characteristic of flashbulb memory." Quizlet
What is the conclusion of Sharot al el
"The study is correlational in nature and does not establish a cause and effect relationship. The experiment is highly artificial - and thus low in ecological validity. The sample size is small and culturally biased. Research indicates that individualistic cultures are more likely to have flashbulb memories than collectivistic cultures. This makes the findings difficult to generalise to the world population as a whole. The results were partly self reported, which allows for error in the results. However, the use of more than one method of data collection is triangulation which increases the validity of the results."
Who is Loftus and Palmer?
Two scientists who conducted a study in 1974 on memory.
What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer?
"To investigate the effect of leading questions on memory recall" Quizlet
What is the procedure of Loftus and Palmer?
"The participants sat in a lecture theatre and watched a clip of a car crash
The participants were split into 5 groups so there were 9 participants in each group.
Participants then answered a series of questions about the car crash
Some were filler questions
One question was the critical question. The critical question was "About how fast were the cars going when they...into each other?"
The ... could have been smashed, hit, collided, bumped or contacted
Participants only experienced one of the verbs in the question."
What are the results of Loftus and Palmer?
"Smashed - 40.8 mph
Collided - 39.3mph
Bumped - 38.1 mph
Hit - 34.0 mph
Contacted - 31.8 mph
1) Actual distortion
2) Demand characteristics "
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What is the Conclusion of Loftus and Palmer?
"Leading questions do effect memory recall. In this case changing the verb in the question to smashed gave a higher estimation of speed by the participants."
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