DNA and Replication
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mendel's Laws
Gene Linkage
Transcription
100
DNA's shape was discovered through which method?
X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin
100
Which type of division will a muscle cell undergo?
Mitosis
100
An allele that suppresses expression of any differing alleles is called...
Dominant
100
Two genes are located on separate chromosomes. What can be said about their linkage?
They cannot be linked.
100
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
200
Which enzyme is necessary before DNA Pol III can elongate and synthesize a new DNA strand?
Primase
200
2n = 14; what is the ploidy of the daughter cells after meiosis?
n = 7
200
What does the law of segregation state?
Each gene has two alleles which segregate into different games.
200
Human males posses a y chromosome. Human males are ___________ for the x chromosome.
Hemizygous - having only one copy of
200
What is the main difference between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase does not require a primer; RNA polymerase has its own helicase activity
300
Based on Chargaff's Rule, if I know there is 17% Adenine content in a particular segment of DNA, how much guanine content must be present?
(100 - (2*17))/2 = 33%
300
The following cell is in which phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
300
Based on the law of independent Assortment, how many unique gametes can an individual with genotype AaBbCCDd produce? (You do not need to list all the combinations, just the amount)
2*2*1*2 = 8
300
If only males of a certain species are able to inherit a certain mutation, the mutation must be on which chromosome?
Y
300
What post-transcriptional processes must eukaryotic pre-mRNA go through to be processed to mRNA?
5' GTP cap
3' Poly A Tail
Splicing
400
A scientist working with a mutant cell line discovers that the mutant cellular DNA contains Uracil as well as numerous single-strand breaks in the DNA which they find odd. Where in the cell could the mutation be?
DNA Pol I: DNA pol I does not properly remove and replace the RNA primer with DNA after DNA Pol III synthesizes the new strand
NOTE: ligase is probably not mutant as it is hard to create a backbone between DNA and RNA due to the different stabilities of the molecules.
400
n = 8; How many chromosomes and chromatids are present in the cell after meiosis I?
chromosomes = 8
chromatids = 16
400
Huntington's disease is an example of an autosomal disease in which the mutant allele is dominant. Let H = normal allele and h = mutant allele. If a cross between parents Hh x hh is made, what percentage of the offspring will be normal?
0%
400
Gene pair; Recombination Frequency:
A and B = 20%
A and C = 50%
A and D = 40%
C and D = 20%
Based on the above information, what is the expected recombination frequency between B and C
50%
400
A scientist is working with a mutant cell that is producing much less mRNA than it should be normally. He notices that there are normal levels of RNA pol II and transcription factors. Where could the mutation be?
The gene promoter region is either missing a TATA box or has a TATA box that has been disrupted.
500
If proteins were in fact the genetic code, explain how the Hershey-Chase and Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiments' results would have been different.
Avery-MacLeod-McCarty: mouse injected with protease + heat-killed smooth cells + rough cells would have lived and the mouse injected with DNAse + heat-killed smooth cells + rough cells would have died.
Hershey-Chase: In the batch that contained heavy-sulfur, the radioactivity would be detected in the pellet whereas the batch with heavy-phosphorous would result in radioactivity in the liquid.
500
Cancer cells often have numerous mutations and irregular shape, size, and number of chromosomes. Based on this information, which checkpoints of the cell cycle will cancer cells bypass?
G1: bypass this checkpoint despite irregular cellular size
G2: bypass this checkpoint despite irregular DNA replication
M: bypass this checkpoint despite chromosomal irregularities
NOTE: you will never see a cancer cell in G0
500
A white mouse and heterozygous black mouse are the parental generation. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
1 (black): 1 (white)
500
What is the pattern of inheritance of the following disorder:
X-linked recessive
500
During DNA replication, DNA Pol III made an error in the middle of a gene coding region and failed to correct it. During this error, the codon UAC was changed to UAA. What is the likely impact of this error on the protein product?
Truncated protein - protein will most likely be dysfunctional
This is an example of a nonsense mutation where an amino acid codon gets changed to a stop codon. Translation will stop before the entire gene is expressed.