Mechanical ventilation terminology
The volume of one inhalation and exhalation cycle
Tidal volume
Rarely used ventilator mode, appropriate for paralyzed and apneic patients
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV)
A new lung infection developing within the 48 hours of intubation
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
The study of the forces that aid in circulating the blood throughout the body. These forces can be monitored by blood pressure, pulse rate, mental status, urinary output, and cardiac output.
Hemodynamics
The primary muscle used for ventilation
Diaphragm
The expansibility of the thorax and lungs as measured by the increase in lung volumes
Compliance
In this type of ventilation, all breaths are spontaneous only augmented by PEEP and PS.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissue, and organs usually as a result of markedly low blood pressure
Shock
Systemic intravascular activation of the coagulation cascade with fibrin formation and deposition in the microvasculature, resulting in simultaneous thrombic and hemorrhagic complications
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
Measures the right-sided preload via a catheter placed in a central vein such as subclavian or internal jugular.
Central venous pressure (CVP)
Amount of pressure delivered to patient during spontaneous ventilation
Pressure support
This type of ventilator support allows for spontaneous breaths with patient's own tidal volume augmented by pressure support (PS) along with guaranteed preset respiratory rate
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
The stretch of the ventricular myocardium at the end of diastole
Preload
Solutions that have protein in them, either natural or synthetic.
Colloids
The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle every minute, determined by the heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiac output
Positive pressure applied by ventilator at the end of expiration
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
In this ventilatory support mode, the peak airway pressure (PAP) is set, and the delivered tidal volume varies not to exceed the preset PAP
Pressure control ventilation
The reference point for the left atrium when leveling a pressure monitoring system. It is located at the fourth intercostal space halfway between the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest
Phlebostatic axis
Procedure to measure the partial pressure of oxygen O2 and carbon dioxide CO2 gases and the pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in arterial blood
Arterial blood gas
The pressure (resistance) against which the right or the left ventricle has to pump to eject the blood
Afterload
Highest pressure measured in the lungs upon inspiration
Peak Airway Pressure (PAP)
With this type of ventilatory support, the patient receives a preset tidal volume with each spontaneous inspiration
Assist control (AC)
The fraction of the blood contained in the ventricle at the end of diastole that is expelled during its contraction.
Left ventricular ejection fraction
A peptide released in response to increased ventricular filling pressures. Normal levels are 0-100 pg/ml.
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
The most severe form of acute lung injury
ARDS