Skeletal System
An example of an irregular bone.
What is the vertebrae, pelvis, and some skull bones?
A slightly moveable joint, such as the pubic symphyses.
What is an amphiarthrosis?
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
What is the sarcolemma?
The natural bone loss that comes with age is _____.
osteopenia
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Aerobic: needs O2, happens in mitochondria, makes 34 ATP, waste product is CO2, used while at rest or for light activity, long distance running
Anaerobic: no O2, happens in cytoplasm, makes 2 ATP, waste product is lactic acid, used for short bursts of activity, sprinting
Tiny pathways between lacuna that allow osteocytes to communicate.
What are canaliculi?
What is prevent bone-to-bone contact or reduce friction?
The part of the sarcomere that allows for thick and thin filaments to interact.
What is the zone of overlap?
Calcitonin _____ blood calcium levels while parathyroid hormone (PTH) _____ blood calcium levels.
Describe the process of intramembranous ossification.
1. Mesenchymal cells in the dermis come together and differentiate into osteoblasts. The osteoblasts begin secreting osteoid, which the calcifies into bone. The bone forms a series of struts called spicules. 2. The spicules spread through the bone and trap blood vessels. A periosteum begins to form around the outside. 3. The bone remodels into spongy bone. The edges of the bone may remodel into compact bone.
The process of ossifying bones that start as hyaline cartilage.
What is endochondral ossification?
A joint shape with monoaxial movement, such as the knee or elbow.
What a hinge joint?
The type of muscle contraction where the muscle stays the same length.
What is isometric contraction?
The _____ and _____ processes of the scapula surround the humerus to stabilize the joint.
Acromion, coracoid
What is the relationship between range of motion and joint strength? Why does this relationship occur? Give examples.
The greater the range of motion, the weaker the joint. This is because in order to move, the joint has to sacrifice more protective (yet less flexible) supports such as bone. These strong supports are partially replaced by more flexible (yet weaker) supports like muscle, tendons, and ligaments. For example, the sutural articulations of the skull are very strong, but inflexible. The shoulder is very flexible, but is also very likely to get injured.
The normal range for blood calcium levels.
What is 8.5-11 mg/dL?
The two ligaments of the knee that cross over between the articulating surfaces of the tibia and femur.
The normal tension produced by a muscle at rest.
What is muscle tone?
Twitch
Describe the events at the neuromuscular junction
1. Before the action potential arrives, the neuron has the neurotransmitter AcH in vesicles. 2.The action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal of the neuron. This stimulates the release of the AcH vesicles. 3. AcH is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. 4. AcH crossed the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber. This binding opens ion channels and positively charged sodium ions rush in. 5. The rush of positive sodium ions causes an action potential to form in the sarcolemma. This action potential will cause a series of events that lead to muscle contraction. Meanwhile, in the synaptic cleft, the AcH is broken down and recycle by AcHE.
The effect of osteoclast activity becoming higher than osteoblast activity.
What is bone matrix is removed more quickly than it is formed, bones weaken, and calcium is released?
The cause of a herniated disc.
The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs breaks through the annulus fibrosus and irritates the spinal cord.
What are fast twitch fibers?
The active site on G actin is exposed when _____ binds to troponin.
Calcium
Describe the process of fracture repair.
1. Fracture hematoma formation. 2. Callus formation. 3 Spongy bone formation. 4. Compact bone formation.
(be able to give details for each step)