Kansas
1453
1. English lost Bordeaux
2. end of the 100 Years' War
Castile
1. 1479: combined with Aragon = Spain
2. Isabella of Castile
Granada
1. last Moorish stronghold on Iberian peninsula
2. 1492: taken by Spain
The Babylonian Captivity
1. 1305: new pope established at Avignon, France
2. 1378: new new pope at Rome
3. factionalism & anti-papacy further weakened papal authority
Vasco da Gama
1. Portuguese explorer
2. 1498: sailed to India
Henry the Navigator
1. Portuguese ruler
2. first systematic exploration
3. sought route to India
Hundred Years' War
1. Began 1837
2. when Edward III tried to enforce English claims in France
3. Ended 1453
4. with the English loss of Bordeaux
5. English kept only Calais
Holy Roman Empire
1. 962
2. formed by Otto the Great
3. from eastern part of Charlemagne's empire
4. by 1500, 'Emperor' only a German prince
Joan of Arc
1. peasant girl with visions of saints
2. led French armies
3. drove the English from Orleans
4. captured, tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake
*Prague
1. in Bohemia (Germany)
2. earliest university in HRE
3. est. 1348
4. German university movement led to Reformation
Holbein
1. German artist
2. d. 1528
3. etchings
troubadours
1. Provencal poets
2. influential literary movement
3. 11th century
4. ended with Albigensian Crusade
minnesingers
1. influenced by French troubadours
2. Walther von der Volgelweide, d. 1230
1492
1. Granada, last Moorish stronghold, taken by Spain
2. Iberian peninsula now controlled by Spain & Portugal
3. Columbus
Charles I (V)
1. King of Spain (1516)
2. Emperor (1519)
3. Habsburg
4. ruled Austria, Netherlands, Two Sicilies, Spain, Spanish possessions in N. America
5. had adenoids
The Papal States
1. in the center of the Italian peninsula
House of Habsburg
1. Emperor Maximilian m. Mary of Burgundy: began wide influence of house
2. strategic marriages led to broad control of Europe
3. 'Bella gerant alii; tu felix Austria nube.'
Charlemagne
1. Creator of Teutonic empire
2. Western part of his empire became France
3. "Life of Charlemagne" as part of French epic literature
Normans
1. Vikings turned Frenchmen
2. conquered Sicily
Aragon
1. 1479: combined with Castile = Spain
2. Ferdinand of Aragon
3. Kings of Aragon controlled the Two Sicilies
Philip the Fair
1. King Philip IV of France
2. forbade export of money
3. in retaliation for papal ban on clerical tax by State
4. victory of nationalism over Church
The Two Sicilies
1. Norman kingdom of Sicily & Naples
2. belonged for a while to German Hohenstaufens
3. by 1500, belonged to Kings of Aragon
Hans Holbein
1. German artist
2. d. 1543
3. painted portraits, many English
Columbus
1. 1492: discovered America
2. sailing for Isabella of Spain
Orleans
1. home of Jeanne d'Arc
2. 1429: French defeated the English
3. turning the tide of the 100 Years' War