stems
what is a rhizome? what is a stolon?
Rhizome – grows horizontally underground vertical shoots may arise, Stolons – Stems that run almost parallel to the ground
what does the root system originate from?
a radicle
What are the "pores" on leaves? What cells are they surrounded by? What does this combination achieve in the plant?
stomata, guard cells, gas exchange
Which three elements are most commonly added to soil?
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Potassium (K)
sources & sinks (Definition of each)
Sources – structures in plants that produce photosynthates
Sinks – Points of sugar delivery (roots, young shoots, developing seeds)
what is a thorn a modification of?
a branch
what is an example of a eudicot root? a monocot root?
eudicot: taproot
monocot: fibrous
What are simple, palmate, and pinnate leaves?
Simple leaves – lamina is continuous; compound leaves the lamina is in leaflets
Palmate leaves – leaflets branch from petiole
Pinnate leaves – the leaflets branch from the midrib
What are the five most essential nutrients for plants?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous.
what are the three cell types of the internal stem anatomy?
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
the zones of cell division
the zones of elongation
The zones of maturation
What is the cuticle secreted from? what does it do?
Shoot and leaf epidermis secretes a waxy extracellular cuticle inhibits water loss, protects against damaging solar radiation, and is a barrier to pathogens
Which two groups is soil divided into? How are these groups formed?
Organic soils are formed from
sedimentation and primarily composed of
organic matter,
Mineral soils are formed from the
weathering of rocks and are primarily
composed of inorganic material
What type of tissue is a trichome found in? What is a trichome and what is its function?
dermal, hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis (leaf hairs), provide protection against insects and damaging solar radiation
in roots, where is the vascular tissue contained? How is vascular tissue arranged in a monocot root and a dicot root?
stele, circle, X
This structure is found on both leaves AND stems. What is this structure, and what tissue is it involved with that makes it present in both of these?
trichomes. They are found in dermal tissue, which makes up the epidermis of the stems and leaves.
What makes up the organic material of soil? What makes up the inorganic material?
organic - humus
inorganic - sand, silt, clay, loams
Xylem –
1. Xylem parenchyma
2. Tracheids
3. Vessel elements
Phloem –
1. Phloem parenchyma
2. Sieve tube cells
3. Companion cells
What are two examples of root modifications?
a)Banyan Tree – Begins life as epiphyte and aerial roots grown down to
the ground
b)Screwpine – above ground roots – prop roots
What are three examples of leaf adaptations? What are their definitions?
Needles – small, needle-like leaves in conifers (pine, spruce, firs, etc.) allow these plants to thrive in cold, dry environments
Spines – cacti have spines instead of broad leaves and succulent stems – prevents water loss and allows for water storage
Aquatic leaves – broad lamina to flow and thick cuticle to repel water
What are the four horizons of soil? Which horizon contains most of the dead organic matter? Why is this layer so important?
the four horizons are : O,A,B,C. The A horizon contains the most dead organic matter, and it is important because agriculture depends on topsoil (A horizon). Top soil also keeps the soil "rooted" into the ground and provides structure for the rest. If this is blown away, nothing will be able to grow.