Class Differences (External factors)
Two speech codes produced by Bernstein, along with explanations
Restricted - Working class, frowned upon in school.
How does the self fulfilling prophecy work?
Labelling -> Treatment of the Pupil accordingly -> internalisation of the label and becomes it.
Who argued that because Black families tend to be lone mother, their children are inadequately provided due to the absence of a male breadwinner
Moynihan
What major changes in the family can impact girls attitudes towards education?
> Increase in divorce rate
> Increse in cohabitation
> Lone-parent mothers
Outline 2 functions of Education, according to Functionalist
Durkheim - Social solidarity, speclaist skills
Parson - acts as a bridge (P vs U values)
Davis and Mooe - Role Allocation
Education Action Zones and Sure Start are examples of what?
Compensatory Education
Sociologists who argued that schools produce W/C underachievement due to labels and teachers assumptions. Normalisation of W/C underachievement
Dunne and Gazeley
Explain the Wood's et al 'Job applications' study to explain Racism in Wider Society
3 CV's sent to 1,000 jobs. Ethnic sounding names received less helpful feedback than white sounding.
GIST & WISE
What did the New Right state the role of the state is to do in Education?
> Impose a framework for schools (competition)
> National Curriculum (shared culture is transmitted)
Who stated that cultural deprivation is a myth?
Keddie
Explain 'A-C economy' and 'Educational Triage' with reference to sociologists.
Gillborn & Youdell - Schools focus on those who are C/D grade who may impact the positioning of the league tables and affects their funding.
What did Gillborn and Mirza mean by 'racialised expectations'
Teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils due to pre-determined judgments about challenging to authority
What has globalisation and the decline of manual labour jobs contributed to boys and achievement?
Led to a crisis of masculinity - boys have lost enthusiasm and motivation for future roles that involved labour.
According to Althusser, what is education part of and explain why?
Ideological State Apparatus - reproduces and legitimates class inequality.
Name 3 factors which constitute Material Deprivation
Housing (Douglas)
Diet & Health (Howard)
Fear of Debt (Bull)
Differentiation > Teachers categories students according to ability. Placing students in these may lead them to subcultures
Polarisation > Pupils respond by moving to one of the 'poles'
Provide 1 example of ethnic minorities rejected their labelling given by teachers
Fuller - Black girls in London comprehension
Mac and Ghaill - Black/Asian A Level students did not follow through their labels.
What phrase is given to tasks/activities which are seen as 'territory' for girls and boys which impacts their self-esteem?
Gender domains
Whose study can be used to show that working class can resist attempts of education to indoctrinate them?
Paul Willis - Learning to Labour (anti-school, didn't respect rules, however destined for working-class jobs)
Sullivan tested Bourdieu's ideas, what did she find?
Complex fiction and watched TV docs developed good capital. Children of graduates also did well. Cultural capital is only part of the issue.
W/C choose the brand as a self of identity. M/C discard it, along with the school, further marginalisation W/C.
Provide 2 examples of institutional racism that can impact Ethnic Differences in Achievement
Critical Race Theory - locked in-equality
Ethnocentric curriculum - ignores ethnic diversity
Assessment - assessment does not favour minorities.
Access to opportunities - gifted and talented is mostly white-orientated.
Define 'double standards' and make links to Gender difference.
Activity that is seen by one group of people as a good thing and another a bad thing.
Sexual morality - Boys boast, girls stigmatised.
Why do Postmodernists disagree with Bowles and Gintis's view of education preparing pupils to accept work?
Society is fragmented and diversity that welcomes creativity and self-motivation, not following the requirements of Marxist society.