DNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the three phases of the cell cycle?
Which phase do the chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
Describe binary fission and give an example of an organism that can undergo this process
Basically mitosis... bacteria
When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a diploid cell called a ________ forms
Zygote
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? How do they pair with each other?
Adenine x Thymine
Cytosine x Guanine
When a cell runs into severe mistakes, what must it be able to do to protect the surrounding cells?
Undergo programmed cell death aka Apoptosis
Two identical daughter cells
Describe budding and give an example of an organism that can undergo this process
What are sperm and egg cells considered as?
BONUS
Gametes, Haploid = half number of chromosomes
DNA is made of repeating chains of _____________. What are they made of?
Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Bases
What is the purpose of interphase? What phases are associated with it?
G1 - Check if cell is healthy, enough nutrients
S - Replicate DNA
G2 - Check if DNA is replicated properly
Name 2 major differences between the process of mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis - Chromosomes line up side by side, 2 divisions instead of 1.
Describe vegetative reproduction and give an example of how humans take advantage of this?
A new plant can grow from a fragment or cutting of a parent plant. Most of our fruits and veggies!
Explain the meaning of the term genetic variation. What might cause a lack of genetic variation in a species, and how might this affect the species’ ability to survive?
Genetic variation refers to the difference in the DNA sequences of individuals in a species. Lack of genetic variation is caused by asexual reproduction. It can also occur in small population sizes of endangered species, due to overhunting or overharvesting, the loss of habitat, or competition by introduced pest species
When a plant, animal, or protist is ready to divide, explain what must happen to the DNA?
The chromatin must divide and then coil into chromosomes.
Explain what is cancer? How is it harmful to an organism?
Uncontrolled cell division. Cancer cells will take nutrients from healthy cells.
What are the end results of meiosis starting with 1 cell?
Males = 4 sperm cells
Female = 1 viable egg cell
All cells have different variations of genetic information
Name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of asexual reproduction
+ Offspring mature quickly
- No variation
Name 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of sexual reproduction
+ Genetic Diversity
- Expensive.. Time and energy
Use your understanding of the nitrogen bases to describe gene mutation.
The order of the nitrogen bases determines our traits. If the bases change (by mistake), then our traits will change as well.
Discuss the different options available for cancer patients at different stages in their cancer.
Stage 1-2: Surgery
Stage 3: Chemo/Radiation
Stage 4: Chemo
What qualities of meiosis allow for genetic diversity?
Crossing over - swapping genes between chromosomes
Independent assortment - random splitting of chromosomes
Name the 3 layers of the developing embryo
BONUS
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Is reproduction required for the survival of an individual? Is reproduction required for the survival of a species?
As long as at least the same number or more new individuals of a species are produced than die, the species will survive, and avoid extinction. Cellular reproduction (asexual reproduction) is necessary for the survival of an individual; otherwise they would not grow and develop, or be able to repair wounds.