Testing
Q: These are potential findings in a typical Gram-stain.
Positive vs negative -> +/- peptidoglycan
Q: Elevated ____ levels indicate infection in general.
Elevated WBC/leukocytosis - nonspecific elevation
Q: This is a key reason for beginning empiric broad spectrum antibiotics immediately.
To immediately begin treatment, hasten healing/killing of the pathogen, actionable step that casts a wide net -> gram negative and gram positives
Q: These are two modes of transmission/infection by S. aureus.
Direct exogenous contact/exposure vs. endogenous infection via entry at wound site
Q: This is the purpose of wound culture.
Microscopic characterization, used along with Gram-stain
Q: This is indicated by elevated neutrophil levels.
There is an active innate immune reaction taking place
Q: These are common antibiotics used to treat MRSA.
Vancomycin & Teicoplanin, Now there are some newer: Linezolid, Daptomycin, Ceftaroline (new cephalosporins)
Narrow the Abx from a broad spectrum of Gram +/- to one that focuses on Gram+
Using superior Abx to Vanco bc now S. aureus express VanA gene to be resistant to vancomycin
Q: These are some preventative measures of transmission.
Wash your hands, please :); Clean your razors, wipe surfaces, etc; Cover injuries with sterile bandage
Q: This testing assists in determining what antibiotics your strain is resistant to, and which antibiotics will help kill the bacterial strain.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing - how to narrow down from broad spectrum to specifically targeting the strain
Q: Bandemia is ____ maturity level of ____ cell type.
Immature neutrophils – upregulating cell proliferation of neutrophils to help fight pathogen
Q: This supplement to antibiotic treatment supports the growth of one or more members of microbiota.
Probiotics - replenish or help maintain the beneficial bacterial species in the gut (at risk of imbalance/destroyed function of the microbiota)
Q: These are some environmental factors that impact potential to colonize and invade.
pH, humidity, sweat/salt concentration, other bacterial populations -> soap, deodorant, mouthwash, skin peels, enemas can all change the population
Q: This test, if negative, indicates no systemic infection/systemic involvement.
Blood cultures
Q: _______ immune response has not been ramped up if lymphocyte levels are within normal limits.
Adaptive because you B and T lymphocytes will proliferate and rise the lymphocyte value with
Q: Importantly, this is a method to prevent antibiotics resistance.
Avoiding excess use/prescription/treatment with Abx (excess, ie - when unncessary)
Q: This is potentially indicated with low monocyte levels. (?)
Decreased host immune defenses
Q: This is a likely etiology of Alayna’s infection and this is the likely steps she can take to prevent infection in the future. (2 part question)
Likely from her razor, can ensure that razors are new and sterile to prevent introduction of bacteria on the skin with a dull edged (potentially) razor that can 1) cause the injury and 2) be the source of the bacteria (skin colonies also the source)