CVD
Four modifiable risk factors for CVD
Smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, diet, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high stress, weight, diabetes control
Blood glucose normal levels
70-110
Factors that contribute to blood pressure regulation
Cardiac output
blood volume
peripheral vascular resistance
PAD is characterized by
inadequate blood flow to the extremities.
DAILY DOUBLE!!!
Veins carry blood....
Arteries carry blood....
Veins carry blood back to the heart
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body
Age, Gender, Ethnicity and Genetics
Normal K+ levels
3.5-5.0
You should hold beta blockers when
Most patients seek will seek care with PAD in what stage and why?
Stage 2: Intermittent claudication
PVD risk factors
Venous thromboembolism
Venous insufficiencies
Varicose veins
These type of nails are associated with poor perfusion
Clubbed nails
Blood pressure for people over 60
Blood pressure for people under 60
<150/90
<140/90
Two common causes of secondary hypertension
Renal disease, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, cushings syndrome, medications
In an assessment you with PAD you will most likely have these findings (name 5)
Hairless and shiny skin, dry-scaly skin, pale or mottled skin, thickened toenails, decreased pedal pulses, decreased sensation, decreased cap refill in toes.
Severe: extremity is cold, gray-blue or darkened, pallor may occur with extremity elevation, dependent rubber and muscle atrophy
Edema is present in PVD or PAD and worst when?
PVD and at the end of the day
You reference OLDCARTS when asking a cardiovascular patient about chest pain. OLDCARTS is
Onset, Location, Duration, Characteristics, Aggravating factors, Relieving factors, Treatments (and response) and Severity.
PT/INR normal range? Also measures this medication?
0.8-1.1
Warfarin
Five risk factors for HTN
Diagnostics for PAD (name 3)
MRA, Segmental systolic BP measurement, Ankle-brachial index, exercise tolerance training and plethysmography
With this type of lesion you will find it on the medial parts of the legs and ankle region, swollen, deep pink or red, edges will be irregular, shallow in depth and drainage will be present
Peripheral Venous Disease
Cardiovascular changes in the elderly (list 3)
Weakening cardiac valves, ventricles (left usually), conduction system, calcified or "clogged" arteries and aorta, baroreceptors
Total cholesterol should be
LDL should be
HDL should be
<200
<130
>55 (book says male >45 and female >55)
DAILY DOUBLE!!!!
Five classes of medication used for HTN?
Diuretics (-ides), Angiotensin Receptor blockers (ARB's, -sartans), Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE's, -prils), Beta Blockers (-lol's), Calcium Channel blockers (-pine and -zem)
Interventions for PAD
promote vasodilation, exercise and positioning, do not elevate legs above heart.
Your pulse in your lower extremities will be weak OR absent with this type of disease and why
Peripheral artery disease
Because arteries carry blood from the heart to the extremities...if it is obstructed, it is not going to flow there.