wtf is BSHES?
What is CPBR and why is it important in PH research
Community based participatory research is an alternative to expert-driven research that aims to equitably involve community members at each stage of the research process. CBPR emphasizes co-learning, power-sharing and capacity-building
good bc cultural humility and goes against white supremacy culture, gatekeeping of science and knowledge, paternalism, etc
What are 3 key concepts of social-ecological approaches
levels, pathways-embodiment, power
Describe the three factors that determine human behavior according to the social cognitive theory
cognitive factors (aka personal factors) - knowledge, expectations, attitudes
behavioral factors - skills, practice, self-efficacy
environmental factors - social norms, access in community, influence on others (ability to change environment)
Describe reciprocal determinism in SCT
Primary assumption in SCT: dynamic interaction between person, environment, and behavior
what is the chronology of types of evaluation
formative (community needs assessment), process, outcome, impact
What are strengths and weaknesses of SCT
strengths: interpersonal level theory
synthesizes cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and environmental ideas
draws on insights from psychological research
predicts/explains many behaviors
helpful with intervention design
Weaknesses: can't empirically test reciprocal determinism
too broad/ambitious
variability in construct measurement
What are the 5 levels of the health impact pyramid?
counseling and education
clinical interventions
long-lasting protective interviews
changing the context to make individuals' default decisions healthy
socioeconomic factors
List the key constructs of the health belief model
Perceived susceptibility
perceived severity
perceived benefits
perceived barriers
cues to action
self-efficacy
Internal processes/cognition of observed bx may or may not lead to learn bx (learning performance distinction)
Bx is goal-directed / motivation driven
Bx is eventually self-regulated
Punishment and reinforcement have indirect effects on the learning process
The purpose of this is to document whether a program has been implemented as intended and to distinguish the underlying causes of poor performance
process evaluation
Describe the periods of public health from 1830-today
sanitarians 1830-1910 - belief that filth=poor=illness
"New" PH 1910s-1950s - health promotion undertakes action towards changing social, environmental, and economic conditions to alleviate their impact on health
Risk factor approach 1960s-
social determinants of health 2000-
Describe the difference between a risk factor vs a risk regulator according to Glass and McAtee
Describe how risk regulators influence health behavior
risk factors measure consequences whereas risk regulators are determinants of disease rates
Risk regulators influence behavior indirectly through structured contingencies (opportunities and constraints) and through effects on the biological systems of the body (via embodiment).
Examples: material conditions, discrimination, laws/policies, work conditions, behavioral norms, community conditions.
List the 6 stages of change in the transtheoretical model
pre-contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination
What are the personal-cognitive constructs of SCT and briefly describe each
describe features of outcome evaluation
cause and effect relationship between program and clients
requires considerable resources (data system)
________ is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions
health promotion
What are levels of the people and places framework for public health according to Abroms and Maibach's model?
People: individuals (cognitions, skills, affect, biology, motivations)
social networks (opinion leaders, size/connectedness of network, social support)
population or community (norms, collective efficacy, social capital, disparities, cohesion)
places: local level (home, school, work)
distal level (state, region, world)
List the processes of change according to the transtheoretical model
consciousness-raising
self-reevaluation
environmental reevaluation
self-liberation
helping relationships
counter-conditioning
stimulus control
What are the environmental SCT constructs and briefly describe each
observational learning, social support, normative beliefs, barriers and opportunities
Describe four types of needs and give examples of each
Normative: need relative to some standard (Healthy People 2020 objectives on exercise)
Perceived: felt needs of people (community members beliefs)
Expressed: Needs based on behavior (community members write city council to request new equipment)
Relative: needs relative to other communities (rec centers in Kirkwood vs Midtown)
Describe 5 key principles of social ecological models of behavior according to Sallis, Owens 2008, 2015
1. multiple levels influence health behavior
2. influences on behaviors interact across levels
3. ecological models should be behavior specific
4. multilevel interactions should be most effective in changing behaviors
5. environmental contexts are significant determinants of health behaviors
What are the four levels of the Social Determinants of Health framework according to Shulz & Northridge?
I. Fundamental (macro level): natural envrionement, macrosocial factors, inequalities
II. Intermediate (meso/community level): built environment, social context
III. Proximate (micro/interpersonal level): stressors, health behaviors, social integration and social support
IV: health & well-being (individual or population levels): health outcomes, well-being
Describe 3 types of beliefs that inform attitudes and perceptions within the Reasoned Action Approach
Behavioral Beliefs
Normative Beliefs
Control Beliefs
What are the behavioral factors in SCT?
behavioral skills, intentions, reinforcement & punishment
Describe various types of methods in multi-media data collection and examples of each
surveys
interviews
focus groups
resource inventories
community forums
windshield surveys
photovoice