Piaget's Theory
This is the second of 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget.
What is the preoperational stage?
These theories believe that children enter the world with specialized learning mechanisms, emphasizing the role of nature.
What are core-knowledge theories?
The smallest sound units that signal a
change in meaning.
What are phonemes?
The perception of phonemes as belonging to discrete categories.
What is categorical perception?
This is a quantitative measure of a child's intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age.
What is IQ (intelligence quotient)?
What is accommodation?
What is private speech?
These are repetitive consonant-vowel sequences (e.g., bababa) or hand movements (i.e., for sign language).
What is babbling?
This refers to using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate.
What is overextension?
This occurs when an individual is in a situation to confirm a negative stereotype of a group of which they are a member.
What is stereotype threat?
The process by which children balance assimilation and
accommodation to create a stable understanding.
What is equilibrium?
The belief that infants have a substantial innate knowledge of evolutionarily important domains.
What is nativism?
The fact that children expect a novel word to refer to a whole object, not a part.
What is the Whole-object assumption?
The strategy of using grammatical structure to infer the meaning of a new word.
What is syntactic bootstrapping?
This scale is a primary measure of the quality of a child's home environment.
What is the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scale?
According to Piaget, these psychological structures are organized ways of making sense of experience and change with age.
What are schemas?
A process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children can manage on their own.
What is social scaffolding?
This is the best way to ensure a child grows up to be fully fluent and proficient in more than one language.
Exposing the child to a new language as early as possible.
This refers to language learning being achieved by typically-developing children across the globe.
What is species-universal?
This project followed adopted kids and their change in IQ scores, including Black kids adopted into White families.
What is the Texas Adoption Project?
The idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the objects' other properties.
What is conservation?
This is the mutual understanding that people share during communication.
What is intersubjectivity?
The speech perception study by Werker and Tees (1984) showed that at around this age, infants become less sensitive to differences in phonemes in non-native languages.
What is 10-12 months of age?
What is dual representation?
This hypothesis argues that there is often a decline in IQ for children living in poverty.
What is the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis?