Week 6
What's term for
any overlapping zone of influence where no one empire or political entity holds power. Borderlands in North America can be defined as the contested areas between European colonial regimes, but also the spaces where competing Native peoples vied for control over trade, diplomacy, and natural resources.
Borderlands
What are the Squabbling colonies?
The defeat opened up the Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia frontiers to indigenous raiding, which the colonies failed to manage effectively.
By the Fall of 1755, British colonial leadership was in disarray, with different colonies blaming one another for ineffective military responses and fighting over limited supplies.
Why was Pontiac’s War and the wider indigenous revolt so significant?
First, it represents one of the first efforts at “Pan-indigenous” resistance—multiple Native nations cooperating against European influence and colonization.
Second, the Native Americans were basically able to force the British to cooperate with their demands for diplomatic alliances and renewed gift giving. The British give in to Native demands.
Who is James madison?
Founding Father and proposed The Bill of Rights. (And wrote many of the points)
What was the “Covenant Chain”
The Covenant Chain was originally an alliance which the Iroquois had formed with the Dutch of New York. They extended this alliance to their new English neighbors after New York became an English colony. This effectively made the Iroquois the representatives for all British indigenous relations going forward. If the British wanted to negotiate with Native peoples, they had to go through their allies, the Iroquois.
Frances vs. the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) would describe what war/battles?
The Mourning Wars (Leading up to the 7 year war/French Indian war)
What factors eventually contributed to British victory in the Seven Years War?
After 1758, smallpox and short supplies weakened French-indigenous alliances. At the same time, the British empire diverted resources to win the war in North America and British diplomats worked to strengthen their alliance with the Iroquois. British victory was secured after they captured Quebec and forced French Canada to surrender.
What are some examples of Parliament’s Plan to Pay for the Seven Years War:
Sugar Act of 1764
Passed on April 5, 1764; New tax on goods such as sugar, wines, coffee; Regulated colonists to only export lumber and iron to Britain, not French West Indies; Hurt colonial economies that relied on freely trading with West Indies
II. Stamp Act of 1765
“No Taxation without Representation”
III. Quartering Act of 1765
Colonial authorities must pay for the housing and feeding of soldiers, even during a time of peace
What was the treaty of Paris?
British officials agreed to generous peace terms as a way to maintain economic ties to the American states.
The treaty was ratified in 1783, bringing the war to a close.
What happened to slavery as it Moved West?
With Slavery moving West the Cash crop of Tobacco was soon replaced by Cotton
What is the The Illinois Country Slave Trade ?
The Illinois Confederacy thrived on an economy based around bison hunting and slave trading.The Illinois would target weaker Native peoples to the south and west and resell captives to the French in Canada.The French could not, or would not, stop these destructive Illinois campaigns.
What are some examples of French Victories and Embarrassments? and define them.
Montcalm’s Campaigns (1756-7)
In 1756, Montcalm’s forces captured two British forts in Iroquoia, threatening to invade colonial New York.
By 1757, Montcalm’s army had moved east to threaten British positions in eastern New York and the New England frontier.
French Allies
· Fort William Henry
· Smallpox Outbreak
What can be defined as
Prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachians (Proclamation Line)
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
After independence, what issues remained unresolved for the new United States?
The new United States were financially destitute by the end of the war, and the national government had no right to levy taxes. Many Native peoples still dominated the interior, intent on resisting U.S. ambitions there. Slavery and equal rights remained an unaddressed issue despite the fight for liberty. Now, the Americans were also faced with the question of how they should construct a functioning national government.
What factors eventually contributed to British victory in the Seven Years War?
After 1758, smallpox and short supplies weakened French-indigenous alliances. At the same time, the British empire diverted resources to win the war in North America and British diplomats worked to strengthen their alliance with the Iroquois. British victory was secured after they captured Quebec and forced French Canada to surrender.
Who are the Comanche?
Sometime in the early 1700s, a new indigenous group moved into the borderlands from the northwest.
Related to groups like the Shoshone and allied with the Utes and Wichitas, the Comanche entered the power vacuum of the southern plains.
During the 1700s, the Comanches expanded to dominate large portions of the region as their hunting and raiding districts.
What factors contributed to making the Ohio Country such a violent and strategically important place by the 1750s?
By the 1750s, several powerful groups collided in asserting claims to trade and influence in the Ohio Country, including the Miamis, French, Haudenosaunee, and British. This borderland of competing claims became a flashpoint of violence as the different groups asserted themselves along the Ohio River Valley.
When American colonists began their revolt in 1775, did they want separation or inclusion in the British empire?
Most American considered themselves loyal British subjects in 1775 and wanted recognition of their rights as Englishmen. They even assumed the king would intervene on their side in their complaints against Parliament and corrupt officials.
How did the United States move to consolidate power on its western borders in the 1790s?
The United States, after strengthening its central government by creating the Constitution and federal system, was able to eventually organize the west into new territorial entities. It further consolidated its power in the west through military campaigns against Native peoples, and in a series of important treaties—with indigenous nations as well as European empires. None of this would've been possible without a strong federal government.
What was the course of the American Revolution?
Boston - Battle of Bunker Hill
The Attempt to Invade Canada
New York
New Jersey & Philadelphia
The War Moves South
The Advantages and Disadvantages of France’s Indigenous Policy:
Advantages: The Middle Ground allowed France to claim and assert its authority over a large territory in the North American interior. The French could also count on a wide array of Native allies in conflicts against other Europeans.
• Disadvantages: The Middle Ground was costly to the French, both monetarily and politically. It required a constant investment in gifts and effort by French officials, and it often led to the French getting involved in inter-indigenous warfare, such as the Fox and Chickasaw wars.
How did Native Americans direct the course of action in the Ohio Country and elsewhere in early American history? Why is this important?
Native Allies of both the French and British encouraged their European allies to become increasingly involved in the ongoing disputes to territory, trade, and influence in the Ohio Country, playing one empire off the other in order to assert their dominance. This shows just how much influence and power these Native groups continued to have during the 1700s.
When American colonists began their revolt in 1775, did they want separation or inclusion in the British empire?
Most American considered themselves loyal British subjects in 1775 and wanted recognition of their rights as Englishmen. They even assumed the king would intervene on their side in their complaints against Parliament and corrupt officials.
What were some battles in the Ohio Country?
Harmar's Defeat
· St. Clair's Defeat
· Fallen Timbers (1794
Why was the meeting of the First Continental Congress so important?
Despite all the issues by this point, the American colonies were still not yet ready to begin the American Revolution and become an independent nation. They still thought of themselves as British subjects within the empire, who could petition the King for a change of imperial policy.
The signed petition, however, was the first time that the American colonies were officially united in their opposition to British authority and Parliament. This collective action would be key going forward.