Scientific Foundations #1
Sally surveys married women to find out how happy they are with their marriage. The women who are surveyed are only willing to reveal positive aspects of their marriage. The problem with the data would be classified as this.
What is Sampling Bias?
Gary wants to study the effect of eating spicy foods on memory. In this experiment, the spicy foods would be considered this.
What is the Independent Variable?
Your parents take away your phone because you came in past curfew. This is an example of this in Operant Conditioning.
What is Negative Punishment?
A mouse can navigate a maze when prompted, yet the mouse had never been reinforced to do so. This an example of this.
What is the Latent Learning?
You are most likely to remember these items on a list for the grocery store.
What is the first and the last items?
A researcher has two sets of data. Each have 50 scores, but Set B ranges from 12 to 165, while Set A ranges from 93 to 105. If graphed on a frequency distribution, Set A would have a smaller this.
What is Standard Deviation?
Gary's research shows that spicy foods do improve memory, so he designs another study to see if spicy foods can improve creativity as well. In this experiment, creativity would be considered this.
What is the Dependent Variable?
Giving a food pellet to a pigeon every time they peck a ping-pong ball past their opponent is an example of this schedule of reinforcement.
What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule (or Continuous Schedule)?
A one-year-old who says "cookie" to communicate to her caregiver that she would like to eat a cookie. The word "cookie" is an example of this.
What is a Holophrase?
This is a memory like remembering when you went downtown Chicago with a friend last summer.
What is an episodic memory?
A scientist is researching the connection between age and memory. She collects data by testing 3 groups of people: 50 year-olds, 70 year-olds, & 90 year-olds. This type of study would be called this.
What is a Cross-sectional Study?
A Social Studies teacher gives a very difficult test. Most of the students in the class fail. Assuming that there is low variability, a frequency distribution of the test scores would show this type of Skew.
What is Positive Skew?
Cleaning up your room to avoid your mother's constant nagging is an example of this in Operant Conditioning.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Suzy, an 18-year-old can solve problems more quickly than her grandmother who is 85. The difference in problem solving ability due to age is likely due to this.
What is the decline of Fluid Intelligence when aging?
This type of memory has a limited capacity -- usually 7 items +/-2
What is short term or working memory?
This type of psychologist would be interested in helping employees be more productive in the workplace.
What is an Industrial-organizational Psychologist?
This ethical step can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher.
What is Debriefing?
You drink a shamrock shake, and 2 hours later, you throw up. Now whenever you think about a shamrock shake, you immediately feel sick. In classical conditioning, the shamrock shake is called this.
What is the Conditioned Stimulus?
Because a penguin does not have many of the traits commonly associated with the concept of a bird, it is not a good example of this.
What is a Prototype?
This perspective of psychology would be most interested in assessing a person's locus of control.
What is Cognitive?
This measures the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to.
What is Construct validity?
You perform poorly on a test, but instead of admitting that you probably could have studied more, you complain about how tough the test was. This is an example of this.
What is a Self-serving Bias?
You believe in Santa Claus. Your friend gives you substantial evidence that "Santa Claus" is really your own parents. If you suffer from belief perseverance, you will do this.
What is continue to believe in Santa Claus?
You meet two brothers, one of which is on the basketball team. You don't know which one is which, but one is 6' 3" and the other is 5' 2". You immediately ask the taller one how they like playing basketball. When he doesn't understand what you mean, you realize that your thinking was influenced by this.
What is the Representativeness Heuristic?
This is Freud's component of the mind that contains our sexual and aggressive instincts.
What is the id?