Anatomy
Spinal level that oesophagus ends
T10
Small rounded mass of chewed food at the moment of swallowing
Bolus
Often a prodome of vomiting
Nausea
Also called H1 receptor antagonist
Antihistamine
Cell that secretes HCL
Parietal cells
3 Salivary Glands
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Wave of muscular contraction that pushes bolus ahead of it.
Peristalsis
The expulsion of material from the pharynx/oesophagus with the presence of undigested food
Regurgitation
Their main clinical use is as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion.
H2 receptor antagonists
Extends from epiglottis to the top of the oesophagus at the cricoid cartilage.
Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx
Muscles involved in jaw closing
Medial Pterygoid + Masseter
Voluntary phase of swallowing
Oral phase
Located within the area postrema (medulla oblongata)- it receives input from drugs/hormone and communicates with structures in the vomiting centre to initiate vomiting.
CTZ- Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
Drug is a histamine receptor antagonist
Cyclizine/ Cinnarizine
Weakest source of evidence
In vitro (‘test tube’) research/ experts opinion.
Fraction of tongue innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
Posterior 1/3rd of tongue.
Phase in which food bolus is propelled down the oesophagus by peristalsis and larynx moves down back to original position.
Oesophageal phase
Nerve impulses are transmitted through both these nerve fibres to the vomiting centre
Vagal and sympathetic afferent nerve fibres.
Anagram for this drug is…
‘Normalise Porch’
Chlorpromazine
2 branches of trigeminal nerve that innervate teeth
Maxillary nerve + Mandibular nerve
Masseter muscle originates at this point
Zygomatic arch
Relaxes during swallowing to allow passage to oesophagus
Upper oesophageal sphincter
5 receptors implicated in the control of nausea and vomiting
Ach, dopamine, histamine (H1 receptor), substance P (NK1 receptor), and serotonin (5-HT3 receptor).
Pharmacokinetics main stages
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
(Measurement)
Painful defecation
Dyschezia