Between-subjects experiments
The main way researchers can exert "control" in experiments
What is random assignment?
Each participant is run through every condition (every level of the IV)
What is a within-subjects experiment?
Research design in which gender differences in reading scores are examined
What is differential research?
Factorial description of a study in which IV1 has 2 levels and IV2 has 3 levels
What is a 2 X 3 factorial?
Every person in a population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in a sample, and a random method is used to select
What is simple random sampling?
A group that does not receive treatment but provides a baseline against which other groups are compared
What is a control group?
Requires relatively few participants
What is an advantage of a within-subjects experiment?
Research design in which age effects are examined by following the same group of people as they age
What is longitudinal developmental research?
The effect of Factor A on the DV, ignoring (averaging across) Factor B
What is a main effect of Factor A?
Only research design that allows for causal claims to be made
What is an experiment?
A researcher makes sure equal numbers of tall and short people are randomly assigned to 2 conditions of a basketball training experiment
What is matching?
The biggest threat to internal validity in within-subjects experiments
What is "T" or time-related threats (especially order effects)?
Design in which bullying rates are measured in two schools, then one school begins an anti-bullying program and another doesn't, then bullying rates are measured again
What is a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design?
The effect of one factor on the DV depends on the other factor
What is an interaction?
Specifying precisely how a variable will be measured
What is operationalization?
In a study on heat and aggression, the hot condition is run in a small room, and the cool condition is run in a large room
What is an Environmental threat to internal validity? (room size is confounded with temperature)
Approach used to reduce confounds causes by carryover, practice, or fatigue effects
What is counterbalancing order of conditions?
Advantage of a time-series design over a one group pretest-posttest design
What is the use of multiple measures of the DV pre- and post-event, which allows trends to be detected?
In a line graph depicting results of a factorial experiment, the lines are perfectly parallel
What is evidence of NO interaction effect?
As # of friends increases, happiness increases
What is an example of a positive correlation?
Participant characteristics can create THIS, making it difficult to detect an effect of the IV on the DV
What is "high variability" or "noise"?
P threat to internal validity
What threat to internal validity is impossible in a within-subjects experiment (because the same participants are in all conditions)?
A control group to which participants have NOT been randomly assigned, but receives no treatment
What is a nonequivalent control group?
The effect of heat on aggression depends on people's level of frustration
What is an interaction between temperature and frustration on aggression?
A single unambiguous explanation exists for the relationship found between variables in a study
What is internal validity?