Topic 4: DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomics
Nucleotides are made of_____________.
and the ____can be given letters __, ___, ___, or ___ .
What is :
A sugar (S), a phosphate (P) and a base A,T,G or C)
N.E.R. stands for?
Nucleotide Excision Repair
4 types of eukaryotic rRNAs
What is 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S?
What is a leucine zipper proteins?
3 functions: DNA folding, packing, and gene expression.
Similar to histones in eukaryotes.
What is Nucleoid-Associated Proteins (NAPs)?
Four types of mutations.
What are:
-substitutions (pt mutations)
-deletions (removing bases)
-additions (adding bases)
-silent
Parts of the bacterial RNA polymerase
What is a sigma factor and core enzyme?
Where a poorly spliced, not trimmed correctly misfolded tRNA goes.
What is a nuclear exosome?
4 types of chromosomal change to structure.
What is translocation, deletion, inversion, and duplication?
Deletion= part of chromosome left out
Duplication = part of chromosome breaks off and attaches to sister chromatid
Inversion = part of chromosome breaks off and reattaches backwards
Translocation = part of one chromosome breaks off and added to a different chromosome
Enzymatic repair strategies.
What are:
-Proofreading
-Mismatch repair
-Excision repair
Transcribes protein-coding, snoRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and siRNA genes
What is RNA polymerase II?
A window of opportunity where the DNA becomes exposed allowing transcription regulators to bind and reducing DNA rewrapping and possibly displacing the histone core in the presence of 2 transcription regulators.
What is nucleosome breathing?
3 segments of genes DNA can be broken into.
What are:
• coding regions, called exons
• non-coding regions, called introns,
• regulatory sequences
Four Systems to Repair DNA damage.
What is:
* Mismatch Repair (MMR)
* Base Excision Repair (BER)
* Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
* Translation Synthesis (TLS)
Proteins directed by the spliceosome to binds to mRNA and mark the completion of a splicing event.
What is a exon junction complex?
The bridge between the DNA-bound transcription activators, RNA polymerase, and the general transcription factors allow them to assemble at the promoter
What is a mediator?
The 4 core histones.
What is:
Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4.
Repairs replication errors such as
base: base mismatches, insertion/deletion loops.
What is MMR repair?
This bacteria mRNA sequence exists upstream from the AUG codon where translocation begins
What is a Shine-Delgarno sequence?
These 4 proteins that determine whether the protein complexes that form at the stripe 2 module which activates transcription of the Eve gene
What is Giant, Krüppel, Hunchback and Bicoid?
Giant & Krüppel: transcriptional repressors
Hunchback & Bicoid: transcriptional activators